Abstract
The goal of the Scalable OWL 2 Reasoning for Linked Data lecture is twofold: first, to introduce scalable reasoning and querying techniques to Semantic Web researchers as powerful tools to make use of Linked Data and large-scale ontologies, and second, to present interesting research problems for the Semantic Web that arise in dealing with TBox and ABox reasoning in OWL 2. The lecture consists of three parts. The first part will begin with an introduction and motivation for reasoning over Linked Data, including a survey of the use of RDFS and OWL on the Web. The second part will present a scalable, distributed reasoning service for instance data, applying a custom subset of OWL 2 RL/RDF rules (based on a tractable fragment of OWL 2). The third part will present recent work on faithful approximate reasoning for OWL 2 DL. The lecture will include our implementation of the mentioned techniques as well as their evaluations. These notes provide complimentary reference material for the lecture, and follow the three-part structure and content of the lecture.
The work presented in this paper has been funded in part by Science Foundation Ireland under Grant No. SFI/08/CE/I1380 (Lion-2), by an IRCSET Scholarship, by the EU MOST project, and by the EPSRC LITRO project.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Allemang, D., Hendler, J.A.: Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist: Effective Modeling in RDFS and OWL. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (2008)
Auer, S., Ngomo, A.-C.N., Lehmann, J.: Introduction to Linked Data. In: Polleres, A., et al. (eds.) Reasoning Web 2011. LNCS, vol. 6848, pp. 251–327. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)
Baader, F., Brandt, S., Lutz, C.: Pushing the \(\mathcal{EL}\) Envelope. In: Proceedings IJCAI (2005)
Baader, F., Calvanese, D., McGuinness, D.L., Nardi, D., Patel-Schneider, P.F.: The Description Logic Handbook: Theory, Implementation and Application. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2002)
Baader, F., Calvanese, D., McGuinness, D.L., Nardi, D., Patel-Schneider, P.F. (eds.): The Description Logic Handbook: Theory, Implementation, and Applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2003)
Barabási, A.L., Albert, R.: Emergence of scaling in random networks. Science 286, 509–512 (1999)
Beckett, D.: RDFS 3.0. In: W3C Workshop on RDF Next Steps, Stanford, Palo Alto, CA, USA (June 2010)
Beckett, D., Berners-Lee, T.: Turtle – Terse RDF Triple Language. W3C Team Submission (January 2008), http://www.w3.org/TeamSubmission/turtle/
Belnap, N.: A Useful Four-Valued Logic. Modern Uses of Multiple-Valued Logic, 5–37 (1977)
Berners-Lee, T.: Linked Data. W3C Design Issues (July 2006), http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html (retrieved October 27, 2010)
Bernstein, A.: Scalable non-standard reasoning on the Semantic Web. In: Polleres, A., et al. (eds.) Reasoning Web 2011. LNCS, vol. 6848, Springer, Heidelberg (2011)
Birbeck, M., McCarron, S.: CURIE Syntax 1.0 – A syntax for expressing Compact URIs. W3C Recommendation (January 2009), http://www.w3.org/TR/curie/
Bishop, B., Kiryakov, A., Ognyanoff, D., Peikov, I., Tashev, Z., Velkov, R.: OWLIM: A family of scalable semantic repositories. Semantic Web Journal (in press, 2011), http://www.semantic-web-journal.net/sites/default/files/swj97_0.pdf
Bizer, C., Cyganiak, R., Heath, T.: How to Publish Linked Data on the Web, linkeddata.org Tutorial (July 2008), http://linkeddata.org/docs/how-to-publish
Bizer, C., Lehmann, J., Kobilarov, G., Auer, S., Becker, C., Cyganiak, R., Hellmann, S.: DBpedia - A crystallization point for the Web of Data. J. Web Sem. 7(3), 154–165 (2009)
Cheng, G., Ge, W., Wu, H., Qu, Y.: Searching Semantic Web Objects Based on Class Hierarchies. In: Proceedings of Linked Data on the Web Workshop (2008)
Cosmadakis, S.S., Gaifman, H., Kanellakis, P.C., Vardi, M.Y.: Decidable Optimization Problems for Database Logic Programs (Preliminary Report). In: STOC, pp. 477–490 (1988)
de Bruijn, J., Heymans, S.: Logical foundations of (e)RDF(S): Complexity and reasoning. In: Aberer, K., Choi, K.-S., Noy, N., Allemang, D., Lee, K.-I., Nixon, L.J.B., Golbeck, J., Mika, P., Maynard, D., Mizoguchi, R., Schreiber, G., Cudré-Mauroux, P. (eds.) ASWC 2007 and ISWC 2007. LNCS, vol. 4825, pp. 86–99. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)
Dean, J., Ghemawat, S.: MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters. In: OSDI, pp. 137–150 (2004)
Delbru, R., Polleres, A., Tummarello, G., Decker, S.: Context Dependent Reasoning for Semantic Documents in Sindice. In: Proc. of 4th SSWS Workshop (2008)
Fensel, D., van Harmelen, F.: Unifying Reasoning and Search to Web Scale. IEEE Internet Computing 11(2), 94–95 (2007)
Fielding, R.T., Gettys, J., Mogul, J.C., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P.J., Berners-Lee, T.: Hypertext Transfer Protocol – HTTP/1.1. RFC 2616 (June 1999), http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt
Ghilardi, S., Lutz, C., Wolter, F.: Did i damage my ontology? a case for conservative extensions in description logics. In: Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, pp. 187–197 (2006)
Glimm, B.: Using SPARQL with RDFS and OWL entailment. In: Polleres, A., et al. (eds.) Reasoning Web 2011. LNCS, vol. 6848, pp. 251–327. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)
Golbreich, C., Wallace, E.K.: OWL 2 Web Ontology Language: New Features and Rationale. W3C Recommendation (October 2009), http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-new-features/
Grau, B.C., Horrocks, I., Parsia, B., Ruttenberg, A., Schneider, M.: OWL 2 Web Ontology Language: Mapping to RDF Graphs. W3C Recommendation (October 2009), http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-mapping-to-rdf/
Grau, B.C., Motik, B., Wu, Z., Fokoue, A., Lutz, C.: OWL 2 Web Ontology Language: Profiles. W3C Recommendation (October 2009), http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-profiles/
Groot, P., Stuckenschmidt, H., Wache, H.: Approximating description logic classification for semantic web reasoning. In: Gómez-Pérez, A., Euzenat, J. (eds.) ESWC 2005. LNCS, vol. 3532, pp. 318–332. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Grosof, B., Horrocks, I., Volz, R., Decker, S.: Description Logic Programs: Combining Logic Programs with Description Logic. In: 13th International Conference on World Wide Web (2004)
Guo, Y., Pan, Z., Heflin, J.: LUBM: A benchmark for OWL knowledge base systems. J. Web Sem. 3(2-3), 158–182 (2005)
Gutierrez, C.: Models for the Web of Data. In: Polleres, A., et al. (eds.) Reasoning Web 2011. LNCS, vol. 6848, pp. 251–327. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)
Harth, A., Kinsella, S., Decker, S.: Using Naming Authority to Rank Data and Ontologies for Web Search. In: Bernstein, A., Karger, D.R., Heath, T., Feigenbaum, L., Maynard, D., Motta, E., Thirunarayan, K. (eds.) ISWC 2009. LNCS, vol. 5823, pp. 277–292. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Hayes, P.: RDF Semantics. W3C Recommendation (February 2004), http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-mt/
Heath, T., Bizer, C.: Linked Data: Evolving the Web into a Global Data Space, 1st edn. Synthesis Lectures on the Semantic Web: Theory and Technology, vol. 1. Morgan & Claypool, San Francisco (2011), http://linkeddatabook.com/editions/1.0/
Hepp, M.: Product Variety, Consumer Preferences, and Web Technology: Can the Web of Data Reduce Price Competition and Increase Customer Satisfaction? In: Di Noia, T., Buccafurri, F. (eds.) EC-Web 2009. LNCS, vol. 5692, pp. 144–144. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Hitzler, P.: OWL and Rules. In: Polleres, A., et al. (eds.) Reasoning Web 2011. LNCS, vol. 6848, pp. 251–327. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)
Hitzler, P., van Harmelen, F.: A Reasonable Semantic Web. Semantic Web Journal – Interoperability, Usability, Applicability 1(1) (2010)
Hitzler, P., Vrandečić, D.: Resolution-based approximate reasoning for OWL DL. In: Gil, Y., Motta, E., Benjamins, V.R., Musen, M.A. (eds.) ISWC 2005. LNCS, vol. 3729, pp. 383–397. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Hogan, A.: Exploiting RDFS and OWL for Integrating Heterogeneous, Large-Scale, Linked Data Corpora. PhD thesis, Digital Enterprise Research Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway (2011), http://aidanhogan.com/docs/thesis/
Hogan, A., Harth, A., Polleres, A.: Scalable Authoritative OWL Reasoning for the Web. Int. J. Semantic Web Inf. Syst. 5(2) (2009)
Hogan, A., Harth, A., Umbrich, J., Kinsella, S., Polleres, A., Decker, S.: Searching and Browsing Linked Data with SWSE: the Semantic Web Search Engine. Technical Report DERI-TR-2010-07-23, Digital Enterprise Research Institute, Galway (2010), http://www.deri.ie/fileadmin/documents/DERI-TR-2010-07-23.pdf
Hogan, A., Pan, J.Z., Polleres, A., Decker, S.: SAOR: Template Rule Optimisations for Distributed Reasoning over 1 Billion Linked Data Triples. In: Patel-Schneider, P.F., Pan, Y., Hitzler, P., Mika, P., Zhang, L., Pan, J.Z., Horrocks, I., Glimm, B. (eds.) ISWC 2010, Part I. LNCS, vol. 6496, pp. 337–353. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Hollunder, B., Nutt, W., Schmidt-Schauß, M.: Subsumption Algorithms for Concept Description Languages. In: ECA 1990, pp. 348–353. Pitman Publishing (1990)
Horrocks, I., Kutz, O., Sattler, U.: The Even More Irresistible SROIQ. In: KR 2006 (2006)
Horrocks, I., Sattler, U., Tobies, S.: Practical Reasoning for Very Expressive Description Logics. Logic Journal of the IGPL 8, 2000 (2000)
Huang, Z., van Harmelen, F.: Using Semantic Distances for Reasoning with Inconsistent Ontologies. In: Sheth, A.P., Staab, S., Dean, M., Paolucci, M., Maynard, D., Finin, T., Thirunarayan, K. (eds.) ISWC 2008. LNCS, vol. 5318, pp. 178–194. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)
Er, K.: Hudek and Grant Weddell. Binary Absorption in Tableaux-Based Reasoning for Description Logics. In: Proc. DL 2006 (2006)
Jiménez-Ruiz, E., Grau, B.C., Sattler, U., Schneider, T., Llavori, R.B.: Safe and economic re-use of ontologies: A logic-based methodology and tool support. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Workshop on Description Logics, DL 2008 (May 2008)
Jones, N.D., Gomard, C.K., Sestoft, P., Andersen, L.O., Mogensen, T.: Partial Evaluation and Automatic Program Generation. Prentice Hall International, Englewood Cliffs (1993)
Kazakov, Y.: SRIQ and SROIQ are Harder than SHOIQ. In: DL 2008 (2008)
Y. Kazakov Consequence-Driven Reasoning for Horn SHIQ Ontologies. In: IJCAI 2009 (2009)
Kiryakov, A., Ognyanoff, D., Velkov, R., Tashev, Z., Peikov, I.: LDSR: a Reason-able View to the Web of Linked Data. In: Semantic Web Challenge, ISWC 2009 (2009)
Kobilarov, G., Scott, T., Raimond, Y., Oliver, S., Sizemore, C., Smethurst, M., Bizer, C., Lee, R.: Media Meets Semantic Web – How the BBC Uses DBpedia and Linked Data to Make Connections. In: Aroyo, L., Traverso, P., Ciravegna, F., Cimiano, P., Heath, T., Hyvönen, E., Mizoguchi, R., Oren, E., Sabou, M., Simperl, E. (eds.) ESWC 2009. LNCS, vol. 5554, pp. 723–737. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Kolovski, V., Wu, Z., Eadon, G.: Optimizing Enterprise-Scale OWL 2 RL Reasoning in a Relational Database System. In: Patel-Schneider, P.F., Pan, Y., Hitzler, P., Mika, P., Zhang, L., Pan, J.Z., Horrocks, I., Glimm, B. (eds.) ISWC 2010, Part I. LNCS, vol. 6496, pp. 436–452. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Komorowski, H.J.: Partial Evaluation as a Means for Inferencing Data Structures in an Applicative Language: A Theory and Implementation in the Case of Prolog. In: POPL, pp. 255–267 (1982)
Lembo, D., Lenzerini, M., Rosati, R., Ruzzi, M., Savo, D.F.: Inconsistency-Tolerant Semantics for Description Logics. In: Hitzler, P., Lukasiewicz, T. (eds.) RR 2010. LNCS, vol. 6333, pp. 103–117. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Lloyd, J.W.: Foundations of Logic Programming, 2nd edn. Springer, Heidelberg (1987)
Lloyd, J.W., Shepherdson, J.C.: Partial Evaluation in Logic Programming. J. Log. Program. 11(3&4), 217–242 (1991)
Lutz, C., Walther, D., Wolter, F.: Conservative extensions in expressive description logics. In: IJCAI 2007, Proceedings of the 20th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 453–458 (2007)
Ma, Y., Hitzler, P.: Paraconsistent Reasoning for OWL 2. In: Polleres, A., Swift, T. (eds.) RR 2009. LNCS, vol. 5837, pp. 197–211. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Maier, F.: Extending Paraconsistent \(\mathcal{SROIQ}\). In: Hitzler, P., Lukasiewicz, T. (eds.) RR 2010. LNCS, vol. 6333, pp. 118–132. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Meditskos, G., Bassiliades, N.: DLEJena: A practical forward-chaining OWL 2 RL reasoner combining Jena and Pellet. J. Web Sem. 8(1), 89–94 (2010)
Motik, B.: Web Ontology Reasoning with Logic Databases. PhD thesis, AIFB, Karlsruhe, Germany (2004)
Motik, B., Patel-Schneider, P.F., Parsia, B.: OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Structural Specification and Functional-Style Syntax. W3C Recommendation (October 2009), http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-syntax/
Motik, B., Shearer, R., Horrocks, I.: Optimized reasoning in description logics using hypertableaux. In: Pfenning, F. (ed.) CADE 2007. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 4603, pp. 67–83. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)
Motik, B., Shearer, R., Horrocks, I.: Hypertableau Reasoning for Description Logics. Submitted to a Journal (2008)
Muñoz, S., Pérez, J., Gutierrez, C.: Minimal Deductive Systems for RDF. In: Franconi, E., Kifer, M., May, W. (eds.) ESWC 2007. LNCS, vol. 4519, pp. 53–67. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)
Muñoz, S., Pérez, J., Gutierrez, C.: Simple and Efficient Minimal RDFS. J. Web Sem. 7(3), 220–234 (2009)
Oren, E., Delbru, R., Catasta, M., Cyganiak, R., Stenzhorn, H., Tummarello, G.: Sindice.com: a document-oriented lookup index for open linked data. IJMSO 3(1), 37–52 (2008)
Oxford-Benchmark. Oxford Benchmark (2009), http://hermit-reasoner.com/2009/JAIR_benchmarks/
Page, L., Brin, S., Motwani, R., Winograd, T.: The PageRank Citation Ranking: Bringing Order to the Web. Technical report, Stanford Digital Library Technologies Project (1998)
Pan, J.Z., Thomas, E.: Approximating OWL-DL Ontologies. In: AAAI 2007, pp. 1434–1439 (2007)
Prud’hommeaux, E., Seaborne, A.: SPARQL Query Language for RDF. W3C Recommendation (January 2008), http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-query/
Ramakrishnan, R., Srivastava, D., Sudarshan, S.: Rule Ordering in Bottom-Up Fixpoint Evaluation of Logic Programs. In: Proc. of 16th VLDB, pp. 359–371 (1990)
Ren, Y., Pan, J.Z., Zhao, Y.: Towards soundness preserving approximation for abox reasoning of owl2. In: Description Logics Workshop 2010, DL 2010 (2010)
Rudolph, S.: Foundations of Description Logics. In: Polleres, A., et al. (eds.) Reasoning Web 2011. LNCS, vol. 6848, pp. 251–327. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)
Schaerf, M., Cadoli, M.: Tractable Reasoning via Approximation. Artificial Intelligence 74, 249–310 (1995)
Spackman, K.: Managing clinical terminology hierarchies using algorithmic calculation of subsumption: Experience with SNOMED-RT. JAMIA (2000)
Stonebraker, M.: The Case for Shared Nothing. IEEE Database Eng. Bull. 9(1), 4–9 (1986)
Stuckenschmidt, H., Niepert, M.: Combining Probabilistic and Logical Reasoning for Web Data Processing. In: Polleres, A., et al. (eds.) Reasoning Web 2011. LNCS, vol. 6848, pp. 251–327. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)
Stuckenschmidt, H., van Harmelen, F.: Approximating Terminological Queries. In: Andreasen, T., Motro, A., Christiansen, H., Larsen, H.L. (eds.) FQAS 2002. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 2522, Springer, Heidelberg (2002)
ter Horst, H.J.: Combining RDF and Part of OWL with Rules: Semantics, Decidability, Complexity. In: Gil, Y., Motta, E., Benjamins, V.R., Musen, M.A. (eds.) ISWC 2005. LNCS, vol. 3729, pp. 668–684. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
ter Horst, H.J.: Completeness, decidability and complexity of entailment for RDF Schema and a semantic extension involving the OWL vocabulary. Journal of Web Semantics 3, 79–115 (2005)
Trček, D.: Trust management methodologies for the Web. In: Polleres, A., et al. (eds.) Reasoning Web 2011. LNCS, vol. 6848, pp. 251–327. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)
Tsarkov, D., Horrocks, I.: Efficient Reasoning with Range and Domain Constraints. In: DL 2004 (2004)
Tsarkov, D., Horrocks, I., Patel-Schneider, P.F.: Optimizing Terminological Reasoning for Expressive Description Logics. J. Autom. Reason. 39(3), 277–316 (2007)
Ullman, J.D.: Principles of Database and Knowledge Base Systems. Computer Science Press (1989)
Urbani, J., Kotoulas, S., Maassen, J., van Harmelen, F., Bal, H.: OWL reasoning with webPIE: Calculating the closure of 100 billion triples. In: Aroyo, L., Antoniou, G., Hyvönen, E., ten Teije, A., Stuckenschmidt, H., Cabral, L., Tudorache, T. (eds.) ESWC 2010. LNCS, vol. 6088, pp. 213–227. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Urbani, J., Kotoulas, S., Oren, E., van Harmelen, F.: Scalable distributed reasoning using mapReduce. In: Bernstein, A., Karger, D.R., Heath, T., Feigenbaum, L., Maynard, D., Motta, E., Thirunarayan, K. (eds.) ISWC 2009. LNCS, vol. 5823, pp. 634–649. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Vanderbei, R.J.: Linear Programming: Foundations and Extensions, 3rd edn. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)
Vrandečíc, D., Krötzsch, M., Rudolph, S., Lösch, U.: Leveraging Non-Lexical Knowledge for the Linked Open Data Web. Review of Fool’s day Transactions (RAFT) 5, 18–27 (2010)
Wache, H., Groot, P., Stuckenschmidt, H.: Scalable instance retrieval for the semantic web by approximation. In: Dean, M., Guo, Y., Jun, W., Kaschek, R., Krishnaswamy, S., Pan, Z., Sheng, Q.Z. (eds.) WISE 2005 Workshops. LNCS, vol. 3807, pp. 245–254. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Weaver, J., Hendler, J.A.: Parallel materialization of the finite RDFS closure for hundreds of millions of triples. In: Bernstein, A., Karger, D.R., Heath, T., Feigenbaum, L., Maynard, D., Motta, E., Thirunarayan, K. (eds.) ISWC 2009. LNCS, vol. 5823, pp. 682–697. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Yardeni, E., Shapiro, E.Y.: A Type System for Logic Programs. J. Log. Program 10(1/2/3/4), 125–153 (1991)
Zhang, R., Artale, A., Giunchiglia, F., Crispo, B.: Using description logics in relation based access control. In: Grau, B.C., Horrocks, I., Motik, B., Sattler, U. (eds.) Description Logics. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 477 (2009), CEUR-WS.org
Zhang, X., Xiao, G., Lin, Z.: A tableau algorithm for handling inconsistency in OWL. In: Aroyo, L., Traverso, P., Ciravegna, F., Cimiano, P., Heath, T., Hyvönen, E., Mizoguchi, R., Oren, E., Sabou, M., Simperl, E. (eds.) ESWC 2009. LNCS, vol. 5554, pp. 399–413. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hogan, A., Pan, J.Z., Polleres, A., Ren, Y. (2011). Scalable OWL 2 Reasoning for Linked Data. In: Polleres, A., et al. Reasoning Web. Semantic Technologies for the Web of Data. Reasoning Web 2011. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 6848. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23032-5_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23032-5_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-23031-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-23032-5
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)