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Raman Spectroscopy: Characterization of Edges, Defects, and the Fermi Energy of Graphene and sp 2 Carbons

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Graphene Nanoelectronics

Part of the book series: NanoScience and Technology ((NANO))

Abstract

From the basic physical concepts relating to the Raman spectra of graphene, we can develop characterization methods for point defects and the edge structure. Furthermore, the Fermi energy can be studied by the phonon softening phenomena of the Raman spectra. Finally, we also discuss recent progress on near-field optics.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    In this chapter, we frequently use the word “feature” to refer to spectral features. For example, “The first-order Raman feature” means that the Raman spectral line originates from a first-order Raman scattering process.

  2. 2.

    This means that A changes for different E laser and we cannot directly compare the I D  ∕ I G values of two different samples observed by two different values of E laser.

  3. 3.

    It is noted that \({d}_{a}\) connects two k points on a constant energy contour.

  4. 4.

    The G band in carbon nanotubes splits due to the curvature along the tube circumference.

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Acknowledgements

AJ and LGC acknowledge MCTI-CNPq and the AFOSR/SOARD Project (Award No. FA9550-08-1-0236). MSD acknowledges NSF Grant No. DMR-10-04147. R.S. Acknowledges MEXT Grant No. 20241023.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139-4307, USA

    M. S. Dresselhaus

  2. Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30123-970, Brazil

    A. Jorio & L. G. Cançado

  3. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139-4307, USA

    G. Dresselhaus

  4. Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan

    R. Saito

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    Hassan Raza

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Dresselhaus, M.S., Jorio, A., Cançado, L.G., Dresselhaus, G., Saito, R. (2011). Raman Spectroscopy: Characterization of Edges, Defects, and the Fermi Energy of Graphene and sp 2 Carbons. In: Raza, H. (eds) Graphene Nanoelectronics. NanoScience and Technology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22984-8_2

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