3 E-PRTR Under EU Environmental Information Laws: The Collection

Bünger, Dirk

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-22757-8_3

Dirk Bünger²

736 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter comprises five parts. Part A examines the legal structure of the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register under Regulation (EC) 166/2006 in detail. Therefore, it discusses its legislative background, the actual content of the Regulation and its relationship to Regulation (EC) 1907/2006, commonly referred to as REACH. Part B examines the confidentiality mechanism implemented under the Regulation (EC) 166/2006. The legal reference to Directive 2003/4/EC 3 is at the very heart of this analysis. Relevant judgments of the ECJ and the CFI support the analysis to realign the boundaries of the interpretation of confidentiality. Part C examines the role of the EEA and enforcement mechanisms. Therefore it discusses the current legal status of the EEA and puts this into context with the tasks which the EEA is obliged to perform under Regulation (EC) 166/2006. It also discusses the access to legal instruments for enforcement with regard to mandatory disclosure of environmental information. Part D describes the right of access to environmental information for other pollutants not covered under E-PRTR and E-PRTR ancillary documents at EU level. Therefore it discusses the relevant Treaty provisions, secondary EU law and case-law. Finally, part E consists of a conclusion to this chapter.

Parts of this chapter have been published as an article in the Journal for European Environmental and Planning Law, Volume 7, Issue 2, September 2010, and are reproduced with permission of Koninklijke Brill N.V.

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Notes

1.
European Parliament and Council, Directive 2003/4/EC of 28 January 2003 on Public Access to Environmental Information and Repealing Council Directive 90/313/EEC, [2003] OJ L 41/26.
2.
For the preceding Treaty of Nice cf European Union, Treaty of Nice, [2001] OJ C 80/1.
3.
Council, Decision 2005/370/EC of 17 February 2005 on the Conclusion, on Behalf of the European Community, of the Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters, [2005] OJ L 124/1.
4.
J H Jans and H H Vedder European Environmental Law (3rd edn Europa Law Publishing, Groningen 2008), 331.
5.
Commission, Decision 2000/479/EC of 17 July 2000 on the Implementation of a European Pollutant Emission Register (EPER) According to Article 15 of Council Directive 96/61/EC Concerning Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC), [2000] OJ L 192/36.
6.
Commission Guidance Document for EPER Implementation (Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg 2000).
7.
Commission ‘EPER Review Report 2001’ (June 2004).
8.
Ibid, 8.
9.
Commission ‘EPER Review Report 2004’ (May 2007) Contract No 70402/2006/440841/MAR/C4.
10.
Cf ibid, 4–5.
11.
For a deeper analysis cf European Environment Agency Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook 2009 – Technical Guidance to Prepare National Emission Inventories: Technical Report No 9 (2009) (Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg 2009), 15–16; M Röckinghausen ‘Das neue Schadstoffregister PRTR: Ein weiterer Baustein im Konzept der informierten Öffentlichkeit’ (2009) 19 Zeitschrift für Umweltrecht 19; M Hofmeister ‘Das neue Europäische Schadstofffreisetzungs- und -verbringungsregister’ (2006) 11 Immissionsschutz 116.
12.
European Parliament and Council, Decision 1600/2002/EC of 22 July 2002 Laying Down the Sixth Community Environment Action Programme (n 156).
13.
Cf also European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 166/2006 of 18 January 2006 Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), recital 1.
14.
Cf Commission, Communication to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the Mid-Term Review of the Sixth Community Environment Action Programme, COM (2007) 225 final, 30 April 2007.
15.
Ibid, 12.
16.
Ibid, 15. Cf also Commission, Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Towards a Shared Environmental Information System (SEIS), COM (2008) 46 final, 1 February 2008, 10, facilitating the SEIS approach; D Bünger ‘What’s Up and What’s Next in the Arena of Pollution Control? The New E-PRTR as a Tool Towards Innovative Climate and Environmental Conservation Approaches’ (2010) 7 Journal for European Environmental and Planning Law 177, 192.
17.
Council, Decision 2006/61/EC of 2 December 2005 on the Conclusion, on Behalf of the European Community, of the UN-ECE Protocol on Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers (n 23); European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 166/2006 of 18 January 2006 Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), recital 5.
18.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 166/2006 of 18 January 2006 Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), recital 6.
19.
Commission, Communication to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, On the Road to Sustainable Production: Progress in Implementing Council Directive 96/61/EC Concerning Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control, COM (2003) 354 final, 19 June 2003, 24.
20.
Commission, Communication Towards a Thematic Strategy on the Prevention and Recycling of Waste, COM (2003) 301 final, 27 May 2003, 24.
21.
M Lee (2005) (n 106), 132.
22.
European Parliament and Council, Decision 280/2004/EC of 11 February 2004 Concerning a Mechanism for Monitoring Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions and for Implementing the Kyoto Protocol, [2004] OJ L 49/1.
23.
European Parliament and Council, Directive 2001/81/EC of 23 October 2001 on National Emission Ceilings for Certain Atmospheric Pollutants, [2001] OJ L 309/22.
24.
European Environment Agency NEC Directive Status Report 2008 - Reporting by the Member States under Directive 2001/81/EC on National Emission Ceilings for Certain Atmospheric Pollutants: Technical Report No 11 (2009) (Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg 2009), 7, stating estimated non-compliance of 1 Member State for SO2, of 12 Member States for NOX, 4 Member States for VOC and 2 Member States for NH3.
25.
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe ‘Analysis of the Costs and Benefits of Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers’ (11 February 2002) Document No CEP/WG.5/AC.2/2002/4 <http://www.unece.org/env/documents/2002/cep/wg.5/ac.2/cep.wg.5.ac.2.2002.4.e.pdf> accessed 30 June 2010, 50.
26.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 166/2006 of 18 January 2006 Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), recital 3.
27.
Ibid.
28.
Ibid, recital 4.
29.
Commission, Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), 10.
30.
European Parliament, Report on the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (First Reading) (n 24), 5.
31.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 166/2006 of 18 January 2006 Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), recital 4.
32.
On the nature of the principle and the shortcomings of its application cf A N de Estella The EU Principle of Subsidiarity and its Critique (Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York 2002), 177–179.
33.
On the nature of the principle and the shortcomings of its application cf G de Búrca ‘The Principle of Proportionality and its Application in EC Law’ in A Barav and D A Wyatt (eds), Yearbook of European Law 1993 (Oxford University Press, Oxford 1994), 146–147.
34.
Commission, Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), 5.
35.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 166/2006 of 18 January 2006 Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), recital 18, sentence 1.
36.
Ibid, recital 18, sentence 2. Of pertinence for the choice of the legal foundation: Court of Justice, Case C-300/89 Commission v Council (Directive on Titanium Dioxide) [1991] ECR I-2867, paragraph 25, in the first instance preferring article 114 TFEU (ex article 95 TEC) as legal basis; Court of Justice, Case C-155/91 Commission v Council (Directive on Waste) [1993] ECR 939, paragraph 21, reiterating to adopt such measures on the sole basis of article 192 TFEU (ex article 175 TEC). This is now settled case-law, K Fischer and T Fetzer ‘Zulässigkeit einer europäischen Chemikalienagentur mit Entscheidungsbefugnissen’ (2003) 1 Zeitschrift für Europäisches Umwelt- und Planungsrecht 50, 57, and further references cited therein.
37.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 166/2006 of 18 January 2006 Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), article 1.
38.
European Parliament, Report on the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (First Reading) (n 24), 6.
39.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 166/2006 of 18 January 2006 Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), recital 2.
40.
Ibid, recital 13.
41.
Ibid, recital 14.
42.
Ibid, recital 21, sentence 2.
43.
Ibid, article 10 (1).
44.
Ibid, article 10 (2).
45.
Commission, Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), 18.
46.
European Parliament, Report on the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (First Reading) (n 24), 10.
47.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 166/2006 of 18 January 2006 Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), article 2.
48.
Ibid, article 2 (1).
49.
Ibid, article 2 (2).
50.
Ibid, article 2 (3).
51.
Ibid, article 2 (4).
52.
Ibid, article 2 (5).
53.
Ibid, article 2 (6).
54.
Ibid, article 2 (8).
55.
Ibid, article 2 (9).
56.
Ibid, article 2 (10).
57.
Commission, Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), 13, 16.
58.
European Parliament, Report on the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (First Reading) (n 24), 5 et seq.
59.
J H Jans and H H Vedder (2008) (n 248), 332.
60.
Cf Commission, Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Public Access to Environmental Information, COM (2000) 402 final, [2000] OJ C 337E/156; Economic and Social Committee, Opinion on the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Public Access to Environmental Information, [2001] OJ C 116/43; Committee of the Regions, Opinion on the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Public Access to Environmental Information, [2001] OJ C 148/9; European Parliament, Amended Proposal for a European Parliament and Council Directive on Public Access to Environmental Information (First Reading), [2001] OJ C 343/165; Commission, Amended Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Public Access to Environmental Information, COM (2001) 303 final, [2001] OJ C 240E/289; Commission, Communication to the European Parliament Pursuant to the Second Subparagraph of Article 251 (2) of the EC Treaty Concerning the Common Position of the Council on the Adoption of a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Public Access to Environmental Information, SEC (2002) 103 final, 31 January 2002; Council, Common Position (EC) 24/2002 Adopted by the Council on 28 January 2002 With a View to Adopting Directive 2002/…/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of … on Public Access to Environmental Information and Repealing Council Directive 90/313/EEC, [2002] OJ C 113 E/1; European Parliament, Amended Proposal for a European Parliament and Council Directive on Public Access to Environmental Information (Second Reading), [2003] OJ C 187E/118; Commission, Opinion Pursuant to Article 251 (2), Third Subparagraph, Point (c) of the EC Treaty, on the European Parliament’s Amendments to the Council’s Common Position Regarding the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Public Access to Environmental Information, COM (2002) 498 final, 5 September 2002; European Parliament and Council, Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Public Access to Environmental Information and Repealing Council Directive 90/313/EEC: Joint Text Approved by the Conciliation Committee Provided for in Article 251 (4) of the EC Treaty, PE-CONS 3667/02, 8 November 2002; European Parliament, Legislative Resolution on the Joint Text Approved by the Conciliation Committee for a European Parliament and Council Directive on Public Access to Environmental Information and Repealing Council Directive 90/313/EEC (Third Reading), P5_TA (2002) 622, [2004] OJ C 31E/180.
61.
J H Jans and H H Vedder (2008) (n 248), 332.
62.
Without further explanation this approach is also followed in the guidance document, cf Commission (31 May 2006) (n 25), 55 fn 104, stating that ‘[t]he term ‘emissions’ is used in Directive 2003/4/EC whereas the term ‘releases’ is used in the E-PRTR Regulation’.
63.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 166/2006 of 18 January 2006 Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), article 2 (12).
64.
Ibid, article 2 (11).
65.
In order to clarify matters due to several amendments, a codification has been drawn up. Cf European Parliament and Council, Directive 2006/12/EC of 5 April 2006 on Waste, [2006] OJ L 114/9. For the predecessor cf Council, Directive 75/442/EEC of 15 July 1975 on Waste, [1975] OJ L 194/39.
66.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 166/2006 of 18 January 2006 Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), article 2 (13).
67.
Council, Directive 91/689/EEC of 12 December 1991 on Hazardous Waste, [1991] OJ L 377/20.
68.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 166/2006 of 18 January 2006 Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), article 2 (14).
69.
Council, Directive 91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991 Concerning Urban Waste-Water Treatment, [1991] OJ L 135/40.
70.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 166/2006 of 18 January 2006 Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), article 2 (15).
71.
Commission, Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), 14.
72.
European Parliament, Report on the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (First Reading) (n 24), 7.
73.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 166/2006 of 18 January 2006 Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), article 2 (16).
74.
Ibid, article 2 (17).
75.
Ibid, article 2 (7).
76.
For annex I amendments made by the European Parliament cf European Parliament, Report on the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (First Reading) (n 24), 12–14.
77.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 166/2006 of 18 January 2006 Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), article 3.
78.
Ibid, article 4 (1) and recital 7, sentence 4.
79.
Ibid, article 4 (1).
80.
European Parliament, Report on the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (First Reading) (n 24), 7–8.
81.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 166/2006 of 18 January 2006 Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), recital 7, sentence 3. For an early criticism on inaccessibility concerning a radioactive substances register in the UK cf E John ‘Access to Environmental Information: Limitations of the UK Radioactive Substances Registers’ (1995) 7 Journal of Environmental Law 11, 16.
82.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 166/2006 of 18 January 2006 Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), article 4 (2).
83.
Ibid, recital 8.
84.
Ibid, article 4 (3).
85.
Ibid, recital 11.
86.
Ibid, recital 20.
87.
Ibid, article 5 (1), sentence 1. For annex II amendments made by the European Parliament cf European Parliament, Report on the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (First Reading) (n 24), 14–15.
88.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 166/2006 of 18 January 2006 Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), article 5 (1), sentence 2. For annex III amendments made by the European Parliament cf European Parliament, Report on the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (First Reading) (n 24), 15–17.
89.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 166/2006 of 18 January 2006 Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), article 5 (1), sentence 1.
90.
Ibid, article 5 (1), sentence 3.
91.
Ibid, article 5 (1), sentence 1, (a).
92.
Ibid, article 5 (1), sentence 4.
93.
Ibid, article 5 (1), sentence 1, (b).
94.
Ibid, article 6.
95.
Ibid, recital 9.
96.
Ibid, article 5 (1), sentence 1, (c).
97.
Cf J H Jans and H H Vedder (2008) (n 248), 331–332.
98.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 166/2006 of 18 January 2006 Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), article 5 (1), sentence 1, (a) applied e contrario.
99.
European Parliament, Report on the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (First Reading) (n 24), 8.
100.
The amendment of the European Parliament to distinguish information on routine and accidental activities providing important information to the public on the causes of pollution was unfortunately not transposed. Cf ibid.
101.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 166/2006 of 18 January 2006 Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), article 5 (2).
102.
Ibid, article 5 (3).
103.
Ibid, article 5 (4).
104.
Ibid, article 5 (5).
105.
Ibid, recital 10.
106.
Ibid, article 7 (1).
107.
Ibid, article 7 (2).
108.
Ibid, article 7 (3).
109.
Ibid, article 8 (1). Some registers offer data on diffuse sources based on existing data or models. For instance, due to the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution the EMEP Centre on Emission Inventories and Projections (CEIP) hosted by the Austrian Environment Agency started operations on 15 January 2008. Cf available data at <http://www.ceip.at> accessed 30 June 2010. Also an Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research called EDGAR, providing global past and present day anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants by country and on spatial grid, is a current joint project of the Commission and the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. Cf available data at <http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.php> accessed 30 June 2010.
110.
Ibid, article 8 (2).
111.
Ibid, article 8 (3).
112.
European Parliament, Report on the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (First Reading) (n 24), 9.
113.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 166/2006 of 18 January 2006 Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), recital 7, sentences 1 and 2.
114.
Ibid, recital 12.
115.
Ibid, recital 21, sentence 1.
116.
Ibid, article 9 (1).
117.
Ibid, article 9 (2).
118.
European Parliament, Report on the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (First Reading) (n 24), 9–10.
119.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 166/2006 of 18 January 2006 Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), article 9 (3).
120.
Ibid, article 9 (4).
121.
European Parliament, Report on the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (First Reading) (n 24), 10.
122.
Ibid, 9.
123.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 761/2001 of 19 March 2001 Allowing Voluntary Participation by Organisations in a Community Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS), [2001] OJ L 114/1. For the corrected text cf European Parliament and Council, Corrigendum to Regulation (EC) 761/2001 of 19 March 2001 Allowing Voluntary Participation by Organisation in a Community Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS), [2002] OJ L 327/10.
124.
For an in-depth essay on this regulation cf H J Mittelstaedt ‘Vollzugsverbesserung durch Steuerung zur Selbststeuerung? Das Beispiel der Öko-Audit-Verordnung’ in G Lübbe-Wolff (ed), Der Vollzug des europäischen Umweltrechts (E Schmidt, Berlin 1996).
125.
Council, Regulation (EEC) 1836/93 of 29 June 1993 Allowing Voluntary Participation by Companies in the Industrial Sector in a Community Eco-Management and Audit Scheme, [1993] OJ L 168/1.
126.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 761/2001 of 19 March 2001 Allowing Voluntary Participation by Organisations in a Community Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) (n 367), recital 1.
127.
Ibid, recital 3.
128.
Ibid, recital 9.
129.
Ibid, recital 15.
130.
Ibid, annex I, A.2.
131.
For further references, cf S Förster ‘Das Umweltmanagementsystem nach EMAS in der Praxis der Umweltverwaltung: ein zukunftsfähiges Modernisierungs- und Nachhaltigkeitsinstrument?’ (2004) 15 Zeitschrift für Umweltrecht 25, 26.
132.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 761/2001 of 19 March 2001 Allowing Voluntary Participation by Organisations in a Community Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) (n 367), annex I, A.3.3.
133.
Ibid, annex I, A.3.4.
134.
Ibid, annex I, A.4.1.
135.
Ibid, annex II.
136.
Ibid, annex V.
137.
M Lee (2005) (n 106), 179.
138.
Commission, Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Voluntary Participation by Organisations in a Community Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS), COM (2008) 402 final, 16 June 2008.
139.
In analogy cf C Leifer Das europäische Umweltmanagementsystem EMAS als Element gesellschaftlicher Selbstregulierung (Mohr, Tübingen 2007), 191, noting the regress on EMAS for monitoring the operator in the context of the greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme.
140.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 166/2006 of 18 January 2006 Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), article 18.
141.
Ibid, recital 16.
142.
Ibid, article 14 (1).
143.
Ibid.
144.
Commission (31 May 2006) (n 25).
145.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 166/2006 of 18 January 2006 Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), article 17 (1).
146.
Ibid, article 17 (2).
147.
European Parliament, Report on the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (First Reading) (n 24), 11–12.
148.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 166/2006 of 18 January 2006 Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), article 16 (1).
149.
Ibid, article 16 (2).
150.
Ibid, article 15.
151.
J H Jans and H H Vedder (2008) (n 248), 332.
152.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 166/2006 of 18 January 2006 Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), recital 15, sentence 1.
153.
Ibid, article 12 (1).
154.
Ibid, article 12 (2).
155.
Ibid, article 12 (3).
156.
Ibid, recital 17.
157.
Council, Decision 1999/468/EC of 28 June 1999 Laying Down the Procedures for the Exercise of Implementing Powers Conferred on the Commission, [1999] OJ L 184/23. Amended by Council, Decision 2006/512/EC of 17 July 2006 Amending Decision 1999/468/EC Laying Down the Procedures for the Exercise of Implementing Powers Conferred on the Commission, [2006] OJ L 200/11.
158.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 166/2006 of 18 January 2006 Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), article 19.
159.
Ibid, recital 19.
160.
Ibid, article 21 (1).
161.
Ibid, article 21 (2).
162.
Ibid, article 22.
163.
Council, Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the Approximation of the Laws, Regulations and Administrative Provisions Relating to the Classification, Packaging and Labelling of Dangerous Substances, [1967] OJ L 196/1.
164.
Cf for a general overview on EU chemical legislation M Pallemaerts ‘EC Chemicals Legislation: A Horizontal Perspective’ in R Macrory (ed), Reflections on 30 Years of EU Environmental Law: A High Level of Protection? (Europa Law Publishing, Groningen 2006); H-W Rengeling ‘Europäisches Chemikalien- und Stoffrecht: Entwicklungen zur Umgestaltung des deutschen Rechts’ (2005) 120 Deutsches Verwaltungsblatt 393; H-W Rengeling Umgestaltung des deutschen Chemikalienrechts durch europäische Chemikalienpolitik: Neunte Osnabrücker Gespräche zum Deutschen und Europäischen Umweltrecht am 27./28. Februar 2003 (Heymanns, Cologne 2003); B Gebers (ed) Environmental Control of Products and Substances: Legal Concepts in Europe and the United States (Lang, Frankfurt on the Main 1994).
165.
European Parliament and Council, Corrigendum to Regulation (EC) 1907/2006 of 18 December 2006 Concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), Establishing a European Chemicals Agency, Amending Directive 1999/45/EC and Repealing Council Regulation (EEC) 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC (n 43), article 1 (1).
166.
Ibid, article 1 (2).
167.
Ibid, article 1 (3).
168.
Ibid, article 3 (1).
169.
Ibid, article 2.
170.
Ibid, article 5.
171.
Ibid, articles 6 and 7.
172.
Ibid, article 10.
173.
Ibid, article 21 (1).
174.
Ibid, article 23.
175.
Ibid, article 3 (20).
176.
Ibid, article 28. Cf J H Jans and H H Vedder (2008) (n 248), 396–397.
177.
European Parliament and Council, Corrigendum to Regulation (EC) 1907/2006 of 18 December 2006 Concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), Establishing a European Chemicals Agency, Amending Directive 1999/45/EC and Repealing Council Regulation (EEC) 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC (n 43), article 77 (2) (e).
178.
Ibid, article 119 (1).
179.
Ibid, article 119 (2).
180.
Ibid, article 118 (1).
181.
Ibid, article 118 (2).
182.
European Parliament and Council, Corrigendum to Regulation (EC) 1907/2006 of 18 December 2006 Concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), Establishing a European Chemicals Agency, Amending Directive 1999/45/EC and Repealing Council Regulation (EEC) 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC (n 43), article 118 (3); European Chemicals Agency, Decision on the Implementation of Regulation (EC) 1049/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council Regarding Public Access to Documents to European Parliament, Council and Commission Documents, MB/12/2008 final <http://echa.europa.eu/doc/about/organisation/mb/mb_12_2008_final_implementing_rules_access_to_documents.pdf> accessed 30 June 2010.
183.
European Parliament and Council, Corrigendum to Regulation (EC) 1907/2006 of 18 December 2006 Concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), Establishing a European Chemicals Agency, Amending Directive 1999/45/EC and Repealing Council Regulation (EEC) 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC (n 43), article 118 (4); European Chemicals Agency, Decision on the Implementation of Regulation (EC) 1049/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council Regarding Public Access to Documents to European Parliament, Council and Commission Documents (n 426), article 4 (2).
184.
D Bünger (2010) (n 260), 193.
185.
Ibid, 192.
186.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 166/2006 of 18 January 2006 Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), article 11.
187.
Commission (31 May 2006) (n 25), 55.
188.
Ibid, 56.
189.
Ibid.
190.
Cf ibid, 55–56.
191.
Ibid, 55.
192.
Economic and Social Committee, Opinion on the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), 56, 58.
193.
European Parliament, Report on the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (First Reading) (n 24), 11.
194.
In this regard already Commission, Report to the Council and the European Parliament on the Experience Gained in the Application of Council Directive 90/313/EEC of 7 June 1990, on Freedom of Access to Information on the Environment, COM (2000) 400 final, 29 June 2000, annex C, 44, arguing that data relating to releases into the environment - expressly including waste - cannot be kept confidential.
195.
Council, Directive 90/313/EEC of 7 June 1990 on the Freedom of Access to Information on the Environment, [1990] OJ L 158/56.
196.
European Parliament and Council, Directive 2003/4/EC of 28 January 2003 on Public Access to Environmental Information and Repealing Council Directive 90/313/EEC (n 245).
197.
Cf J H Jans and H H Vedder (2008) (n 248), 327–328.
198.
European Parliament and Council, Directive 2003/4/EC of 28 January 2003 on Public Access to Environmental Information and Repealing Council Directive 90/313/EEC (n 245), article 2 (1).
199.
J H Jans and H H Vedder (2008) (n 248), 328.
200.
European Parliament and Council, Directive 2003/4/EC of 28 January 2003 on Public Access to Environmental Information and Repealing Council Directive 90/313/EEC (n 245), article 2 (1) (a) to (f).
201.
Ibid, article 2 (2).
202.
Ibid, article 2 (4). Cf also T Schomerus and U Tolkmitt ‘Bahnunternehmen als informationspflichtige Stellen nach britischem und deutschem Umweltinformationsrecht’ (2009) 19 Zeitschrift für Umweltrecht 188; T Schomerus and S Clausen ‘Informationspflichten Privater nach dem neuen Umweltinformationsgesetz am Beispiel der Exportkreditversicherung’ (2005) 16 Zeitschrift für Umweltrecht 575.
203.
M Eifert ‘Umweltinformation als Regelungsinstrument’ (1994) 47 Die Öffentliche Verwaltung 544, 546.
204.
European Parliament and Council, Directive 2003/4/EC of 28 January 2003 on Public Access to Environmental Information and Repealing Council Directive 90/313/EEC (n 245), article 3 (3).
205.
Ibid, article 3 (5).
206.
J H Jans and H H Vedder (2008) (n 248), 328.
207.
European Parliament and Council, Directive 2003/4/EC of 28 January 2003 on Public Access to Environmental Information and Repealing Council Directive 90/313/EEC (n 245), article 4 (1) (a). This is also in accordance with article 4 (5) of the Aarhus Convention. Cf S Stec and S Casey-Lefkowitz The Aarhus Convention: An Implementation Guide (United Nations, New York 2000), 63.
208.
European Parliament and Council, Directive 2003/4/EC of 28 January 2003 on Public Access to Environmental Information and Repealing Council Directive 90/313/EEC (n 245), article 4 (1) (b).
209.
Ibid, article 4 (1) (c).
210.
Ibid, article 4 (1) (d).
211.
Ibid, article 4 (1) (e).
212.
Of a different opinion cf European Parliament, Report on the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (First Reading) (n 24), 11.
213.
Commission (31 May 2006) (n 25), 54.
214.
European Parliament and Council, Directive 2003/4/EC of 28 January 2003 on Public Access to Environmental Information and Repealing Council Directive 90/313/EEC (n 245), recital 24.
215.
J H Jans and H H Vedder (2008) (n 248), 329.
216.
With regards to its predecessor, Directive 90/313/EEC, cf A Turiaux Zugangsrechte zu Umweltinformationen nach der EG-Richtlinie 90/313 und dem deutschen Verwaltungsrecht (Lang, Frankfurt on the Main 1995), 158.
217.
On the origin, and for an early overview at EU level cf eg R Lukes and E Hauck ‘Geheimnisschutz bei der Kommission der Europäischen Gemeinschaften’ (1984) 30 Recht der Internationalen Wirtschaft 665.
218.
Court of Justice, Case 53/85 Akzo Chemie BV and Akzo Chemie UK Ltd v Commission [1986] ECR 1965, paragraph 28.
219.
Ibid, paragraph 29. Cf also B J Rodger and A MacCulloch Competition Law and Policy in the EC and UK (4th edn Routledge, London 2009), 61; O Lieberknecht ‘Die Behandlung von Geschäftsgeheimnissen im deutschen und EG- Recht’ (1988) 38 Wirtschaft und Wettbewerb 833, 845–848.
220.
On the origin, and for an early overview at Member States’ level in the general and environmental context cf eg R Lukes, K Vieweg and E Hauck Schutz von Betriebs- und Geschäftsgeheimnissen in ausgewählten EG-Staaten: Grundlagen und Grenzen der behördlichen Verwendung (Duncker und Humblot, Berlin 1986); G Winter and E Gurlit ‘Zusammenfassender Bericht’ in G Winter (ed), Öffentlichkeit von Umweltinformationen: Europäische und nordamerikanische Rechte und Erfahrungen (1st edn Nomos, Baden-Baden 1990), 57–66.
221.
Eg A Turiaux (1995) (n 460), 58.
222.
Eg E Gurlit ‘Europa auf dem Weg zur gläsernen Verwaltung? Zum Vorschlag der Kommission für eine Richtlinie über den freien Zugang zu Informationen über die Umwelt’ (1989) 22 Zeitschrift für Rechtspolitik 253, 255.
223.
Eg O Lieberknecht (1988) (n 463), 845.
224.
Bundestag, Gesetz gegen den unlauteren Wettbewerb, 3 July 2004, BGBl I, 1414; last amended 29 July 2009, BGBl I, 2413.
225.
E Gurlit (1989) (n 466), 255.
226.
A Turiaux (1995) (n 460), 59.
227.
For further references cf ibid.
228.
For further references cf ibid, 59–60.
229.
For the same opinion as regards the preceding directive ibid, 60.
230.
M Rebentisch ‘Probleme des Geheimnisschutzes im Rahmen der Emissionserklärung’ (1980) 33 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 99, 100.
231.
O Lieberknecht (1988) (n 463), 845.
232.
Court of Justice, Joined Cases 209–215 and 218/78 FEDETAB v Commission [1980] ECR 3125, paragraph 46.
233.
O Lieberknecht (1988) (n 463), 845.
234.
Court of Justice, Case 85/76 Hoffmann-La Roche and Co AG v Commission [1979] ECR 461, paragraph 12.
235.
FEDETAB v Commission (n 476), paragraph 41.
236.
Cf Commission, Decision 80/1332/EEC of 11 December 1980 on Vacuum Interrupters Ltd, [1980] OJ L 383/1, 5–6.
237.
A Turiaux (1995) (n 460), 60.
238.
Cf H Köhler ‘§ 17’ in W Hefermehl, H Köhler and J Bornkamm (eds), Gesetz gegen den unlauteren Wettbewerb (29th rev edn Beck, Munich 2011), marginal no 4.
239.
A Hartung Geheimnisschutz und Whistleblowing im deutschen und englischen Recht (VDM Verlag Dr Müller, Saarbrücken 2006), 28.
240.
M Führ Sanierung von Industrieanlagen: Am Beispiel des Änderungsgenehmigungsverfahrens nach § 15 BImSchG (1st edn Werner, Dusseldorf 1989), 235.
241.
H Köhler (2011) (n 482), marginal no 7 a.
242.
A Turiaux (1995) (n 460), 61. For further references cf A Hartung (2006) (n 483), 25–28.
243.
A Turiaux (1995) (n 460), 61. For further references cf A Hartung (2006) (n 483), 28–30.
244.
H Köhler (2011) (n 482), marginal no 10.
245.
Cf A Turiaux (1995) (n 460), 61–62. For further details and references cf A Hartung (2006) (n 483), 30–34.
246.
M Führ (1989) (n 484), 234.
247.
Supportive H D Jarass Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetz (BImSchG): Kommentar (Beck, Munich 2010), § 10, marginal no 34; A Roßnagel ‘§ 10’ in H-J Koch, D H Scheuing and E Pache (eds), Gemeinschaftskommentar zum Bundesimmissionsschutzgesetz (1st edn Luchterhand, Neuwied 2008), marginal no 262; M Führ (1989) (n 484), 234–235; J Taeger Die Offenbarung von Betriebs- und Geschäftsgeheimnissen (1st edn Nomos, Baden-Baden 1988), 240–241. For a careful approach, cf M Schröder ‘Die Berücksichtigung der Interessen der Wirtschaft bei der Gestaltung und Umsetzung der Umweltinformationsrichtlinie der Europäischen Gemeinschaft’ (1991) 155 Zeitschrift für das gesamte Handelsrecht und Wirtschaftsrecht 471, 476–477. Generally dismissive M E Butt ‘Erweiterter Zugang zu behördlichen Umweltinformationen: Die neue EG-Umweltinformationsrichtlinie’ (2003) 22 Neue Zeitschrift für Verwaltungsrecht 1071, 1074; M E Butt Die Ausweitung des Rechts auf Umweltinformation durch die Aarhus-Konvention (ibidem, Stuttgart 2001), 79. Not deepening the issue, and generally geared towards the concept of confidentiality as defined under competition law, cf A Turiaux (1995) (n 460), 58–60, 169. According to Turiaux the denial of the presence of a secret already here would be ‘dishonest’ and ‘dogmatically missed’, ibid, 62.
248.
Cf eg M Führ (1989) (n 484), 234.
249.
For the follow-up question once this information is disclosed and used in order to generate assumptions on further confidential information, for instance by way of reverse engineering, cf VI. 6. c) aa) in this chapter.
250.
Cf eg K Hansmann ‘§ 27 BImSchG’ in R von Landmann and G Rohmer (eds), Umweltrecht: Kommentar (Beck, Munich 1991, Loose-Leaf, Supplemental Set 45, 2005), marginal no 27; R Breuer ‘Schutz von Betriebs- und Geschäftsgeheimnissen im Umweltrecht’ (1986) 5 Neue Zeitschrift für Verwaltungsrecht 171, 173.
251.
Cf eg Bundestag, Umweltinformationsgesetz, 22 December 2004, BGBl I, 3704, §§ 8, 9.
252.
Cf A Turiaux (1995) (n 460), 63–64.
253.
Cf eg A Roßnagel (2008) (n 491), marginal no 262.
254.
Ibid, marginal nos 256, 258.
255.
European Union, Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, [2000] OJ C 364/1. For general questions on the European doctrine of principles cf A von Bogdandy ‘Gegenstand, Grundlagen und Grundbegriffe: Grundprinzipien’ in A von Bogdandy and J Bast (eds), Europäisches Verfassungsrecht: Theoretische und dogmatische Grundzüge (2nd rev edn Springer, Dordrecht 2009), 25–36; M Hilf and F Schorkopf ‘Artikel 6 EUV’ in E Grabitz and M Hilf (eds), Das Recht der Europäischen Union: Kommentar (Beck, Munich 1994, Loose-Leaf, Supplemental Set 40, October 2009), marginal nos 14–15.
256.
Council, Presidency Conclusions, 150/99 REV1, Cologne, 3 and 4 June 1999 <http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/kolnen.htm> accessed 30 June 2010, annex IV.
257.
Council, Presidency Conclusions, 200/1/99, Tampere, 15 and 16 October 1999 <http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/00200-r1.en9.htm> accessed 30 June 2010.
258.
Commission, Communication on the Legal Nature of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, COM (2000) 644 final, 11 October 2000, 4.
259.
T Kingreen ‘Artikel 6 EUV’ in C Calliess and M Ruffert (eds), EUV/EGV: Kommentar des Vertrages über die Europäische Union und des Vertrages zur Gründung der Europäischen Gemeinschaft (2nd rev edn Luchterhand, Neuwied, Kriftel 2002), marginal no 26 b.
260.
H-M Wolffgang ‘Artikel 6 EUV’ in C-O Lenz and K-D Borchardt (eds), EU-Verträge: Kommentar nach dem Vertrag von Lissabon (5th edn Bundesanzeiger/Linde, Vienna 2010), marginal no 1. For an instructive introduction on the Charter cf C Calliess ‘The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union’ in D Ehlers and U Becker (eds), European Fundamental Rights and Freedoms (de Gruyter Recht, Berlin 2007).
261.
Cf generally A Lucarelli ‘Article 17 - Right to Property’ in W B Mock and G Demuro (eds), Human Rights in Europe: Commentary on the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (Carolina Academic Press, Durham NC 2010), 106–116; J Schwarze ‘Artikel 17 GRC’ in J Schwarze (ed), EU-Kommentar (2nd edn Nomos, Baden-Baden 2009), marginal nos 1–6; N Bernsdorff ‘Artikel 17’ in J Meyer (ed), Charta der Grundrechte der Europäischen Union (2nd edn Nomos, Baden-Baden 2006), marginal nos 1 et seq.
262.
M Hilf and F Schorkopf (1994, Loose-Leaf, Supplemental Set 40, October 2009) (n 499), marginal no 45.
263.
C Calliess and T Kingreen ‘Artikel 6 EUV’ in C Calliess and M Ruffert (eds), EUV/EGV Kommentar: Das Verfassungsrecht der Europäischen Union mit Europäischer Grundrechtecharta (3rd edn Beck, Munich 2007), marginal no 32.
264.
Council of Europe, Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1998) <http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/005.htm> accessed 30 June 2010. On the genesis of the Convention cf C Grabenwarter Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention: Ein Studienbuch (4th edn Beck, Munich 2009), 1 et seq.
265.
R Winkler Die Grundrechte der Europäischen Union: System und allgemeine Grundrechtslehren (Springer, Vienna 2006), 523–525.
266.
Court of Justice, Case 4/73 Nold v Commission [1974] ECR 491, paragraph 13.
267.
T Kingreen (2002) (n 503), marginal no 17.
268.
Commission, Communication on the Legal Nature of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (n 502), 2.
269.
T Kingreen (2002) (n 503), marginal no 18. Deepening and with further references cf I Pernice ‘Multilevel Constitutionalism and the Treaty of Amsterdam: European Constitution-Making Revisited’ (1999) 36 Common Market Law Review 703.
270.
H-M Wolffgang (2010) (n 504), marginal no 7.
271.
Ibid, marginal no 9.
272.
Council of Europe, Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 20 March 1952 <http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/009.htm> accessed 30 June 2010, article 1.
273.
Court of Human Rights Cantoni v France Application No 17862/91, Judgment of 15 November 1996, paragraph 30.
274.
Court of Human Rights Matthews v The United Kingdom Application No 24833/94, Judgment of 18 February 1999, paragraph 32.
275.
For further references cf T Kingreen (2002) (n 503), marginal no 91.
276.
C Busse ‘Die Geltung der EMRK für Rechtsakte der EU’ (2000) 53 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 1074, 1079; H-W Rengeling ‘Eine Europäische Charta der Grundrechte’ in J Ipsen and E Schmidt-Jortzig (eds), Recht - Staat - Gemeinwohl: Festschrift für Dietrich Rauschning (Heymanns, Cologne 2001), 236–237.
277.
N Philippi ‘Divergenzen im Grundrechtsschutz zwischen EuGH und EGMR’ (2000) 3 Zeitschrift für europarechtliche Studien 97, 121.
278.
Cf eg I Canor ‘Primus Inter Pares: Who Is the Ultimate Guardian of Fundamental Rights in Europe?’ (2000) 25 European Law Review 3, 20–21.
279.
Of the same opinion T Kingreen (2002) (n 503), marginal no 92 a.
280.
For instance, on the exceptional position of the advocate general cf eg S Winkler Der Beitritt der Europäischen Gemeinschaften zur Europäischen Menschenrechtskonvention (1st edn Nomos, Baden-Baden 2000), 35–36.
281.
T Kingreen (2002) (n 503), marginal no 92 a.
282.
H-M Wolffgang (2010) (n 504), marginal no 11; Court of Justice, Case 11/70 Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle Getreide [1970] ECR 1125, paragraph 4.
283.
T Kingreen (2002) (n 503), marginal no 85.
284.
Ibid, marginal no 86.
285.
T Schilling Rang und Geltung von Normen in gestuften Rechtsordnungen (Arno Spitz, Berlin 1994), 424 et seq.
286.
Bundesverfassungsgericht Solange I BVerfGE 37, 271, 280 et seq.
287.
Bundesverfassungsgericht Solange II BVerfGE 73, 339, 378.
288.
Bundesverfassungsgericht Maastricht BVerfGE 89, 155, 174–175.
289.
Bundesverfassungsgericht Bananenmarktordnung BVerfGE 102, 147, 163–164.
290.
Cf Bundesverfassungsgericht Lissabon BVerfGE 123, 267.
291.
D Thym ‘In the Name of Sovereign Statehood: A Critical Introduction to the Lisbon Judgment of the German Constitutional Court’ (2009) 46 Common Market Law Review 1795, 1795.
292.
Ibid, 1822.
293.
Ibid, 1821.
294.
T Kingreen (2002) (n 503), marginal nos 87–89.
295.
Ibid, marginal no 90. This work does not discuss the relationship between article 6 (3) TEU and the internal market freedoms. As regards property rights, the internal market freedoms are pertinent and consequently EU fundamental rights are regarded as attachments to the internal market freedoms. Further, for possible collisions or states of competition between EU fundamental rights and internal market freedoms, exclusion of discrimination under article 40 (2), sentence 2 TFEU (ex article 34 (2), sentence 2 TEC) and the relationship between EU fundamental rights cf ibid, marginal nos 78–83.
296.
Cf C Calliess ‘Eigentumsgrundrecht’ in D Ehlers and U Becker (eds), Europäische Grundrechte und Grundfreiheiten (3rd rev edn de Gruyter Recht, Berlin 2009), § 16.4 I, marginal nos 3–11.
297.
Court of Justice, Case 18/57 Nold v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community [1959] ECR 41; Court of Justice, Case 1/58 Stork v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community [1959] ECR 17; Court of Justice, Joined Cases 36, 37, 38 and 40/59 Ruhrkolen-Verkaufsgesellschaft and Others v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community [1960] ECR 423; Court of Justice, Case 40/64 Sgarlata and Others v Commission [1965] ECR 215.
298.
Court of Justice, Case 26/62 Van Gend and Loos v Netherlands Inland Revenue Administration [1963] ECR 1; Court of Justice, Case 6/64 Costa v ENEL [1964] ECR 585.
299.
D Chalmers European Union Law: Text and Materials (2nd reprint Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Mass 2006), 233.
300.
Court of Justice, Case 29/69 Stauder v Ulm [1969] ECR 419, paragraph 7.
301.
Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle Getreide (n 526), paragraph 3.
302.
Ibid, paragraph 4.
303.
Ibid. Cf also Court of Justice, Case 25/70 Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle für Getreide und Futtermittel v Köster [1970] ECR 1161, paragraphs 20–36.
304.
Nold v Commission (n 510), paragraph 1.
305.
Ibid, paragraph 12.
306.
Ibid, paragraph 13.
307.
Ibid, paragraph 14. Cf also Court of Justice, Joined Cases 154, 205, 206, 226–228, 263 and 264/78, 39, 31, 83 and 85/79 Valsabbia and Others v Commission [1980] ECR 907.
308.
Nold v Commission (n 510), paragraph 15.
309.
Court of Justice, Case 44/79 Hauer v Land Rheinland-Pfalz [1979] ECR 3727, paragraphs 1–5.
310.
Ibid, paragraphs 13–16.
311.
Ibid, paragraph 19.
312.
Ibid.
313.
Ibid, paragraph 22.
314.
Ibid, paragraph 27.
315.
Ibid, paragraph 30.
316.
According to C Calliess ‘The Fundamental Right to Property’ in D Ehlers and U Becker (eds), European Fundamental Rights and Freedoms (de Gruyter Recht, Berlin 2007), § 17 II, marginal nos 7–11.
317.
In that line already G Winter and E Gurlit (1990) (n 464), 30.
318.
Court of Justice, Case 265/87 Schräder v Hauptzollamt Gronau [1989] ECR 2237, paragraph 27.
319.
Ibid, paragraph 4.
320.
Ibid, paragraph 12.
321.
Ibid, paragraph 16.
322.
Ibid, paragraph 17.
323.
Ibid, paragraph 19.
324.
Ibid, paragraph 22. Cf also in particular the judgment of the Court of Justice, Case 179/84 Bozzetti v Invernizzi [1985] ECR 2301.
325.
Schräder v Hauptzollamt Gronau (n 562), paragraph 24.
326.
Ibid, paragraph 25.
327.
Court of Justice, Case 300/86 Van Landschoot v Mera NV [1988 ] ECR 3443.
328.
Schräder v Hauptzollamt Gronau (n 562), paragraph 26.
329.
Court of Justice, Case 59/83 Biovilac v EEC [1984] ECR 4057, paragraphs 1–3.
330.
Ibid, paragraph 21.
331.
Ibid, paragraph 22.
332.
Court of Justice, Case 230/78 SpA Eridania-Zuccherifici Nazionali v Minister of Agriculture and Forestry [1979] ECR 2749.
333.
Biovilac v EEC (n 573), paragraph 23.
334.
Ibid, paragraph 25.
335.
H-W Rengeling ‘Die wirtschaftsbezogenen Grundrechte in der Europäischen Grundrechtecharta’ (2004) 119 Deutsches Verwaltungsblatt 453, 460. Deepening H-W Rengeling and P Szczekalla Grundrechte in der Europäischen Union: Charta der Grundrechte und allgemeine Rechtsgrundsätze (Heymanns, Cologne 2004), § 20, marginal no 808.
336.
C Calliess (2007) (n 560), § 17 III 1, marginal no 12.
337.
Court of Justice, Case C-280/93 Germany v Council [1994] ECR I-4973, paragraph 79.
338.
Ibid, paragraph 80.
339.
C Calliess (2007) (n 560), § 17 III 1, marginal no 15.
340.
T Kingreen (2002) (n 503), marginal no 150.
341.
SpA Eridania-Zuccherifici Nazionali v Minister of Agriculture and Forestry (n 576), paragraph 22.
342.
Valsabbia and Others v Commission (n 551), paragraph 90.
343.
J Beer and A Wesseling ‘Die neue Umweltinformationsrichtlinie im Spannungsfeld von europäischer Eigentumsgewährleistung und privatem Informationsinteresse’ (2006) 121 Deutsches Verwaltungsblatt 133, 135.
344.
C Calliess (2007) (n 560), § 17 III 1, marginal no 15.
345.
T Kingreen (2002) (n 503), marginal no 150.
346.
Court of Justice, Case 136/79 National Panasonic (UK) Limited v Commission [1980] ECR 2033.
347.
For a deeper overview cf G Winter and E Gurlit (1990) (n 464).
348.
For further references cf eg R Lukes, K Vieweg and E Hauck (1986) (n 464), 227–333.
349.
For further references cf eg ibid, 335–407.
350.
For further references cf eg ibid, 161–226.
351.
For further references cf eg ibid, 37–110.
352.
For further references cf eg ibid, 409–460.
353.
For further references cf eg ibid, 461–526.
354.
For further references cf eg ibid, 111–159.
355.
Cf also A Turiaux (1995) (n 460), 64, 71–72.
356.
Ibid, 73.
357.
A Bleckmann and M Coen Europarecht: Das Recht der Europäischen Union und der Europäischen Gemeinschaften (6th rev edn Heymanns, Cologne 1997), marginal no 594.
358.
R Streinz Bundesverfassungsgerichtlicher Grundrechtsschutz und Europäisches Gemeinschaftsrecht: Die Überprüfung grundrechtsbeschränkender deutscher Begründungs- und Vollzugsakte von Europäischem Gemeinschaftsrecht durch das Bundesverfassungsgericht (1st edn Nomos, Baden-Baden 1989), 434.
359.
Hauer v Land Rheinland-Pfalz (n 553), paragraph 15.
360.
For further references and differing opinions cf A Turiaux (1995) (n 460), 73–74.
361.
Court of Justice, Case 5/88 Wachauf v Bundesamt für Ernährung und Forstwirtschaft [1989] ECR 2609, paragraph 19.
362.
Court of Justice, Case 56/75 Elz v Commission [1976] ECR 1097, paragraph 18.
363.
A Turiaux (1995) (n 460), 75.
364.
Akzo Chemie BV and Akzo Chemie UK Ltd v Commission (n 462), paragraph 28. Cf A Turiaux (1995) (n 460), 74–75.
365.
Hauer v Land Rheinland-Pfalz (n 553), paragraphs 31–33.
366.
Court of Justice, Case 78/70 Grammophon GmbH v Metro GmbH and Co KG [1971] ECR 487, paragraph 14.
367.
Ibid, paragraphs 16–17.
368.
Cf eg Court of Justice, Case C-200/96 Metronome Musik GmbH v Music Point GmbH [1998] ECR I-1953.
369.
European Parliament and Council, Directive 2004/48/EC of 29 April 2004 on the Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights, [2004] OJ L 195/16.
370.
M Ruffert ‘The Right to Pursue a Freely Chosen Occupation’ in D Ehlers and U Becker (eds), European Fundamental Rights and Freedoms (de Gruyter Recht, Berlin 2007), § 16 I 1, marginal no 1.
371.
T Kingreen (2002) (n 503), marginal no 131.
372.
M Ruffert (2007) (n 614), § 16 I 1, marginal no 14.
373.
For a similar view cf J Beer and A Wesseling (2006) (n 587), 135; A Turiaux (1995) (n 460), 76. Initially already with this fundamental rights connection M Bullinger ‘Wettbewerbsgerechtigkeit bei präventiver Wirtschaftsaufsicht: Verfassungsrechtlicher Schutz des Entwicklungsvorsprungs zulassungspflichtiger neuer Industrieprodukte’ (1978) 31 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 2173, 2175 et seq.
374.
Commission (31 May 2006) (n 25), 57.
375.
European Parliament and Council, Directive 95/46/EC of 24 October 1995 on the Protection of Individuals with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of such Data, [1995] OJ L 281/31.
376.
Cf A Turiaux (1995) (n 460), 54, 175. Of a more progressive approach cf Government of the Netherlands ‘Kilometre Charge for Road Users’ (18 November 2009) Press Release. The article states that the Dutch government plans to introduce a green tax to replace annual road tax on cars. Drivers will have to pay per kilometre driven. This measure aims at ending chronic traffic jams and cutting carbon emissions. The system, which will use sensors equipped with the Global Positioning Systems to monitor cars, could be used as a test case for other Member States weighing options for easing crowded roads.
377.
A Turiaux (1995) (n 460), 180. That does not mean that Member States have not made provision for whistle-blower protection, cf eg Bundestag, Gesetz zur Ausführung des Protokolls über Schadstofffreisetzungs- und -verbringungsregister vom 21. Mai 2003 sowie zur Durchführung der Verordnung (EG) Nr. 166/2006, 6 June 2007, BGBl I, 1002, § 4. However, in order to be a functioning environmental protection instrument, E-PRTR requires a minimum whistle-blower protection standard at EU level, which is currently not contained in Regulation (EC) 166/2006.
378.
A Turiaux (1995) (n 460), 159.
379.
Ibid, 160.
380.
Ibid, 162.
381.
S Stec and S Casey-Lefkowitz (2000) (n 451), 62.
382.
Elaborate E E Orth Ein Grundrecht auf Umweltschutz in Europa? Eine rechtsdogmatische Einordnung des Art. 37 GRC (Lang, Frankfurt on the Main 2007), 281, who considers Article 37 as ‘objektiv-rechtliche Grundgewährleistung’.
383.
A Käller ‘Artikel 37 GRC’ in J Schwarze (ed), EU-Kommentar (2nd edn Nomos, Baden-Baden 2009), marginal no 1; E Riedel ‘Artikel 37’ in J Meyer (ed), Charta der Grundrechte der Europäischen Union (2nd edn Nomos, Baden-Baden 2006), marginal nos 5 et seq.
384.
A Lucarelli ‘Article 37 - Environmental Protection’ in W B Mock and G Demuro (eds), Human Rights in Europe: Commentary on the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (Carolina Academic Press, Durham NC 2010), 229–230; A Käller (2009) (n 627), marginal no 2.
385.
Cf generally A Celotto ‘Article 21 – Non-Discrimination’ in W B Mock and G Demuro (eds), Human Rights in Europe: Commentary on the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (Carolina Academic Press, Durham NC 2010), 134 et seq; A Graser ‘Artikel 21 GRC’ in J Schwarze (ed), EU-Kommentar (2nd edn Nomos, Baden-Baden 2009), marginal nos 1 et seq; S Hölscheidt ‘Artikel 21’ in J Meyer (ed), Charta der Grundrechte der Europäischen Union (2nd edn Nomos, Baden-Baden 2006), marginal nos 1 et seq.
386.
M Olivetti ‘Article 2 - Right to Life’ in W B Mock and G Demuro (eds), Human Rights in Europe: Commentary on the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (Carolina Academic Press, Durham NC 2010), 13–15.
387.
M Borowsky ‘Artikel 2’ in J Meyer (ed), Charta der Grundrechte der Europäischen Union (2nd edn Nomos, Baden-Baden 2006), marginal no 37; P V van Vormizeele ‘Artikel 2 GRC’ in J Schwarze (ed), EU-Kommentar (2nd edn Nomos, Baden-Baden 2009), marginal no 6.
388.
For the most comprehensive and current report on the state of the European environment cf European Environment Agency Europe’s Environment: The Fourth Assessment (Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg 2007), 19–51.
389.
For a recent overview of environmental principles cf A Epiney ‘Die primärrechtlichen Grundlagen der EG-Umweltpolitik: Geltendes Primärrecht und Perspektive der Verfassung’ in P-C Müller-Graff, E Pache and D H Scheuing (eds), Die Europäische Gemeinschaft in der internationalen Umweltpolitik (1st edn Nomos, Baden-Baden 2006); A Epiney ‘Environmental Principles’ in R Macrory (ed), Reflections on 30 Years of EU Environmental Law: A High Level of Protection? (Europa Law Publishing, Groningen 2006).
390.
C Calliess ‘Artikel 174 EGV’ in C Calliess and M Ruffert (eds), EUV/EGV: Kommentar des Vertrages über die Europäische Union und des Vertrages zur Gründung der Europäischen Gemeinschaft (2nd rev edn Luchterhand, Neuwied, Kriftel 2002), marginal no 1.
391.
Council, Presidency Conclusions, Bulletin of the European Communities No 4/1990, Dublin, 28 April 1990, 10.
392.
European Union, Treaty of Maastricht, [1992] OJ C 191/1.
393.
Court of Justice, Case 240/83 Procureur de la République v ADBHU [1985] ECR 531, paragraphs 12, 15.
394.
C Calliess (2002) (n 634), marginal no 2.
395.
Court of Justice, Case 302/86 Commission v Denmark [1988] ECR 4607.
396.
C Calliess (2002) (n 634), marginal nos 14–15, and the case-law cited therein.
397.
L Krämer ‘Environmental Protection and Article 30 of EEC Treaty’ (1993) 30 Common Market Law Review 111, 123.
398.
On the nature of the principle and the shortcomings of its application cf K Bosselmann The Principle of Sustainability: Transforming Law and Governance (Ashgate, Aldershot 2008), 43 et seq.
399.
Cf U Everling ‘Umweltschutz durch Gemeinschaftsrecht in der Rechtsprechung des EuGH’ in P Behrens and H-J Koch (eds), Umweltschutz in der Europäischen Gemeinschaft: Spannungsfelder zwischen nationalem Recht und europäischem Gemeinschaftsrecht (1st edn Nomos, Baden-Baden 1991), 38–39.
400.
Cf eg K Hailbronner ‘Stand und Perspektiven der EG-Umweltgesetzgebung’ in C Calliess and B Wegener (eds), Europäisches Umweltrecht als Chance: Die Umweltpolitik der EG und die Einflussmöglichkeiten der Umweltverbände (Blottner, Taunusstein 1992).
401.
Cf eg W Kahl Umweltprinzip und Gemeinschaftsrecht: Eine Untersuchung zur Rechtsidee des ‘bestmöglichen Umweltschutzes’ im EWG-Vertrag (C F Müller, Heidelberg 1993), 10 et seq, 55 et seq.
402.
Cf ibid, 92–307.
403.
Cf M Schröder ‘§ 9 Umweltschutz als Gemeinschaftsziel und Grundsätze des Umweltschutzes’ in H-W Rengeling (ed), Handbuch zum europäischen und deutschen Umweltrecht (Allgemeines Umweltrecht: Grundlagen des Umweltrechts in der Europäischen Union, Heymanns, Cologne, Berlin, Bonn, Munich 2003), marginal nos 64, 66–67.
404.
For the same opinion, cf C Calliess (2002) (n 634), marginal no 20.
405.
Council, Directive 85/337/EEC of 27 June 1985 on the Assessment of the Effects of Certain Public and Private Projects on the Environment, [1985] OJ L 175/40.
406.
European Union, Treaty of Maastricht (n 636), Declaration 24 on the Protection of Animals, 103.
407.
C Calliess (2002) (n 634), marginal no 8.
408.
W Kahl (1993) (n 645), 19–20.
409.
C Calliess (2002) (n 634), marginal no 9, and further references cited therein.
410.
D Vandermeersch ‘The Single European Act and the Environmental Policy of the EEC’ (1987) 12 European Law Review 407, 420–421.
411.
M Schröder (2003) (n 647), marginal no 51.
412.
C Calliess (2002) (n 634), marginal no 38.
413.
Of a different opinion M Schröder (2003) (n 647), marginal no 51.
414.
C Calliess (2002) (n 634), marginal no 41, and further references cited therein.
415.
Ibid, marginal no 47, and further references cited therein.
416.
Ibid, marginal no 43.
417.
Court of Justice, Case C-284/95 Safety Hi-Tech Srl v S and T Srl [1998] ECR I-4301, paragraph 51.
418.
Ibid, paragraph 55.
419.
C Calliess (2002) (n 634), marginal no 43.
420.
Council, Presidency Conclusions, SN 300/96, Florence, 21 and 22 June 1996 <http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/032a0002.htm> accessed 30 June 2010, paragraph 5.
421.
Cf N Dhondt Integration of Environmental Protection into other EC Policies: Legal Theory and Practice (Europa Law Publishing, Groningen 2003), 15 et seq.
422.
Cf C Calliess ‘Artikel 6 EGV’ in C Calliess and M Ruffert (eds), EUV/EGV: Kommentar des Vertrages über die Europäische Union und des Vertrages zur Gründung der Europäischen Gemeinschaft (2nd rev edn Luchterhand, Neuwied, Kriftel 2002).
423.
Ibid, marginal no 6.
424.
Ibid, marginal no 7.
425.
This was arguable before the Treaty of Amsterdam, cf H-P Zils Die Wertigkeit des Umweltschutzes in Beziehung zu anderen Aufgaben der Europäischen Gemeinschaft: Untersuchungen zur Anwendung der Querschnittsklausel Art. 130r Abs. 2 Satz 2 EWGV im Gemeinschaftsrecht (Decker, Heidelberg 1994), 27–28.
426.
C Calliess (2002) (n 666), marginal no 11.
427.
A Epiney ‘Umweltrechtliche Querschnittsklausel und freier Warenverkehr: Die Einbeziehung umweltpolitischer Belange über die Beschränkung der Grundfreiheit’ (1995) 17 Natur und Recht 497, 502.
428.
A Epiney and A Furrer ‘Umweltschutz nach Maastricht: Ein Europa der drei Geschwindigkeiten?’ (1992) 26 Europarecht 369, 387.
429.
M Zuleeg ‘Vorbehaltene Kompetenzen der Mitgliedstaaten der Europäischen Gemeinschaft auf dem Gebiete des Umweltschutzes’ (1987) 6 Neue Zeitschrift für Verwaltungsrecht 280, 282.
430.
C Calliess (2002) (n 666), marginal no 12.
431.
Ibid, marginal no 14.
432.
Ibid, marginal no 15.
433.
Council, Presidency Conclusions, SN 150/1/98 REV 1, Cardiff, 15 and 16 June 1998 <http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/54315.pdf> accessed 30 June 2010, paragraph 34.
434.
C Calliess (2002) (n 666), marginal no 15.
435.
B Wiegand ‘Bestmöglicher Umweltschutz als Aufgabe der Europäischen Gemeinschaften: Zur Bedeutung des Gemeinschaftszieles Umweltschutz für die Europäische Integration’ (1993) 108 Deutsches Verwaltungsblatt 533, 536.
436.
A Käller ‘Artikel 6 EGV’ in J Schwarze (ed), EU-Kommentar (2nd edn Nomos, Baden-Baden 2009), marginal no 18; C Calliess (2002) (n 666), marginal nos 21–22.
437.
C Calliess (2002) (n 666), marginal no 23.
438.
G Winter ‘Umweltrechtliche Prinzipien des Gemeinschaftsrechts’ (2003) 13 Zeitschrift für Umweltrecht 137, 138.
439.
Court of Justice, Case C-293/97 Queen v Standley and Others [1999] ECR I-2603, paragraphs 54–55. The Court also referred to the following judgments: Hauer v Land Rheinland-Pfalz (n 553), paragraph 23; Schräder v Hauptzollamt Gronau (n 562), paragraph 15; Germany v Council (n 581), paragraph 78.
440.
Queen v Standley and Others (n 683), paragraphs 56.
441.
L Krämer Europäisches Umweltrecht in der Rechtsprechung des EuGH: Dargestellt anhand von 50 Urteilen (Verlag Österreich, Vienna 2002), 135.
442.
G Winter (2003) (n 682), 138.
443.
Safety Hi-Tech Srl v S and T Srl (n 661), paragraphs 58–60.
444.
Court of Justice, Case C-321/96 Mecklenburg v Kreis Pinneberg [1998] ECR I-3809, paragraph 21.
445.
Ibid.
446.
Court of Justice, Case C-217/97 Commission v Germany, Opinion AG Fennelly [1999] ECR I-5087, paragraph 23.
447.
Court of Justice, Case C-217/97 Commission v Germany [1999] ECR I-5087, paragraph 48.
448.
Court of Justice, Case C-316/01 Glawischnig v Bundesminister für soziale Sicherheit und Generationen [2003] ECR I-5995, paragraph 15.
449.
Ibid, paragraph 16.
450.
Ibid, paragraph 35.
451.
Court of Justice, Case C-233/00 Commission v France [2003] ECR I-6625, paragraph 1.
452.
Ibid, paragraph 47.
453.
Ibid.
454.
V Edwards ‘European Court of Justice: Significant Environmental Cases 2003’ (2004) 16 Journal of Environmental Law 141, 142.
455.
Commission v France (n 695), paragraphs 111–112.
456.
Ibid, paragraph 119.
457.
Court of Justice, Case C-186/04 Housieaux v Délégués du Conseil de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale, Opinion AG Kokott [2005] ECR I-3299, paragraphs 23–24.
458.
Court of Justice, Case C-186/04 Housieaux v Délégués du Conseil de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale [2005] ECR I-3299, paragraph 29.
459.
Ibid, paragraph 36.
460.
Ibid, paragraph 39.
461.
Ibid, paragraph 40.
462.
Ibid, paragraph 22.
463.
Court of Justice, Case C-216/05 Commission v Ireland (I), Opinion AG Stix-Hackl [2006] ECR I-10787, paragraphs 1–2.
464.
Court of Justice, Case C-216/05 Commission v Ireland (I) [2006] ECR I-10787, paragraphs 37–38.
465.
Commission v Ireland (I), Opinion AG Stix-Hackl (n 707), paragraphs 34.
466.
Commission v Ireland (I) (n 708), paragraphs 40–42, 45.
467.
Á Ryall ‘EIA and Public Participation: Determining the Limits of Member State Discretion’ (2007) 19 Journal of Environmental Law 247, 252–254.
468.
Court of Justice, Case C-391/06 Commission v Ireland (II) [2007] ECR I-65, paragraph 10. Cf also Court of Justice, Case C-340/06 Commission v Austria [2007] ECR I-105. Austria failed to transpose the Directive in several federal states within the time-limit.
469.
For the liability of Member States for non-implementation of directives cf Court of Justice, Joined Cases 6 and 9/90 Francovich and Bonifaci v Italy [1991] ECR I-5357. For a critical review on this subject cf eg C Harlow ‘Francovich and the Problem of the Disobedient State’ (1996) 2 European Law Journal 199.
470.
Court of Justice, Case C-552/07 Commune de Sausheim v Azelvandre [2009] ECR I-987, paragraphs 1, 3.
471.
Ibid, paragraph 15.
472.
Ibid, paragraphs 16–17.
473.
Ibid, paragraphs 18–20.
474.
Ibid, paragraphs 21–22.
475.
Ibid, paragraphs 23–28.
476.
Ibid, paragraph 40–44.
477.
Court of Justice, Case C-552/07 Commune de Sausheim v Azelvandre, Opinion AG Sharpston [2009] ECR I-987, paragraphs 30–33.
478.
Ibid, paragraphs 44–53.
479.
Ibid, paragraphs 54–64.
480.
Commune de Sausheim v Azelvandre (n 714), paragraphs 29–31.
481.
Ibid, paragraph 39. The ECJ also held that such information may not be withheld under an exception to disclosure relating to protection of the public order, M R Grossman ‘Protecting Health, Environment and Agriculture: Authorisation of Genetically Modified Crops and Food in the United States and the European Union’ (2009) 14 Deakin Law Review 257, 284.
482.
Commune de Sausheim v Azelvandre (n 714), paragraphs 45–55.
483.
Court of First Instance, Case T-191/99 Petrie and Others v Commission [2001] ECR II-3677, paragraph 66.
484.
Ibid, paragraph 40.
485.
M Schröder ‘Der Schutz von Betriebs- und Geschäftsgeheimnissen im Umweltschutzrecht’ (1985) 5 Umwelt und Planungsrecht 394, 398, who considers the ‘Gemeinschaftsgebundenheit’ of the property.
486.
W Richler ‘Schutz von Betriebs- und Geschäftsgeheimnissen im Umweltrecht’ (Dissertation Universität Regensburg 1989), 101. Generally on the principal of social duteousness cf C Calliess (2007) (n 560), § 17 III 2, marginal no 20.
487.
W Richler (1989) (n 730), 101; R Breuer (1986) (n 494), 173; M Schröder (1985) (n 729), 398. Of a different opinion W Hahn Offenbarungspflichten im Umweltschutzrecht (Heymanns, Cologne, Berlin, Bonn, Munich 1984), 174–175.
488.
Of a different opinion J Beer and A Wesseling (2006) (n 587), 138–139, who reference to article 4 (2), sentence 2 of Directive 2003/4/EC for the balancing of interests, which may be an editorial oversight.
489.
Ibid, 133.
490.
T von Danwitz ‘Der Schutz von Betriebs- und Geschäftsgeheimnissen im Recht der Regulierungsverwaltung’ (2005) 120 Deutsches Verwaltungsblatt 597, 601.
491.
J H Jans and H H Vedder (2008) (n 248), 329.
492.
Akzo Chemie BV and Akzo Chemie UK Ltd v Commission (n 462), paragraph 28.
493.
J Beer and A Wesseling (2006) (n 587), 140.
494.
H Thumann ‘Behördenauskunft über Emissionen und emissionsbegrenzende Auflagen im Rahmen des Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetzes’ (Dissertation Universität Regensburg 1991), 76–77, and further references cited therein.
495.
M E Butt (2003) (n 491), 1074, who claims that this is possible.
496.
C Calliess (2007) (n 560), § 17 III 2, marginal no 23.
497.
Ibid, § 17 III 2, marginal no 18.
498.
J Beer and A Wesseling (2006) (n 587), 136, without any differentiation between different categories of documents.
499.
Of the same opinion ibid, 136.
500.
Wachauf v Bundesamt für Ernährung und Forstwirtschaft (n 605), paragraphs 17–18.
501.
Ibid, paragraph 19.
502.
S Stec and S Casey-Lefkowitz (2000) (n 451), 60.
503.
A Turiaux (1995) (n 460), 169 fn 829 cited therein.
504.
Commission, Report to the Council and the European Parliament on the Experience Gained in the Application of Council Directive 90/313/EEC of 7 June 1990, on Freedom of Access to Information on the Environment (n 438), annex C, 44.
505.
Commission, Amended Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Public Access to Environmental Information (n 304), 289.
506.
Council, Common Position (EC) 24/2002 Adopted by the Council on 28 January 2002 With a View to Adopting Directive 2002/…/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of … on Public Access to Environmental Information and Repealing Council Directive 90/313/EEC (n 304), 12.
507.
S Stec and S Casey-Lefkowitz (2000) (n 451), 36.
508.
European Parliament and Council, Directive 2008/1/EC of 15 January 2008 Concerning Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (n 128), 9.
509.
Cf J Beer and A Wesseling (2006) (n 587), 136–137.
510.
Schräder v Hauptzollamt Gronau (n 562), paragraph 21.
511.
J Kühling Die Kommunikationsfreiheit als europäisches Gemeinschaftsgrundrecht (Duncker und Humblot, Berlin 1999), 402–403.
512.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 166/2006 of 18 January 2006 Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), recital 2; T P Burton ‘Access to Environmental Information: The UK Experience of Water Registers’ (1989) 1 Journal of Environmental Law 192, 202, stating that ‘a number of exclusions relating to sample data […] may have weakened the value of the registers’.
513.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 166/2006 of 18 January 2006 Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), recital 3.
514.
Ibid, recital 4.
515.
M Schröder (1985) (n 729), 398.
516.
Generally dismissive G Winter ‘Akteneinsichtsrechte in Frankreich’ (1989) 9 Umwelt und Planungsrecht 81, 86, who doubts that conclusions from such information can be drawn. Affirmative H Thumann (1991) (n 738), 77. For an overview cf G Winter and E Gurlit (1990) (n 464), 64–66.
517.
For a similar view cf A Roßnagel (2008) (n 491), marginal no 264; M Lee (2005) (n 106), 155–156; S Stec and S Casey-Lefkowitz (2000) (n 451), 60; A Turiaux (1995) (n 460), 169; M Schröder (1991) (n 491), 476; M von Schwanenflügel ‘Das Öffentlichkeitsprinzip des EG-Umweltrechts’ (1991) 106 Deutsches Verwaltungsblatt 93, 100; W Richler (1989) (n 730), 216; J Taeger (1988) (n 491), 240–241. Of a differentiating opinion H Thumann (1991) (n 738), 76–78. For an early and more secret-friendly view cf C Nieß-Mache ‘Auskunftsrechte und Auskunftspflichten gegenüber Dritten bei Abwasserleitungen’ (1987) 7 Umwelt und Planungsrecht 130, 132. Not Differentiating but of an rather dismissive opinion J Beer and A Wesseling (2006) (n 587), 139. Of a generally dismissive opinion M E Butt (2003) (n 491), 1074; M E Butt (2001) (n 491), 79.
518.
J Beer and A Wesseling (2006) (n 587), 138.
519.
Cf A Turiaux (1995) (n 460), 176–180.
520.
Cf ibid, 180–181.
521.
Cf ibid, 159–160.
522.
S Stec and S Casey-Lefkowitz (2000) (n 451), 62.
523.
Ibid, 61.
524.
Ibid.
525.
Also J H Jans and H H Vedder (2008) (n 248), 331.
526.
Cf A Turiaux (1995) (n 460), 160–162.
527.
S Stec and S Casey-Lefkowitz (2000) (n 451), 59.
528.
Cf A Turiaux (1995) (n 460), 162–165.
529.
S Stec and S Casey-Lefkowitz (2000) (n 451), 59.
530.
For the UK cf eg Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs ‘Public Access to Environmental Information: Experience Gained in the Application of Directive 2003/4/EC’ (London 2009) <http://www.defra.gov.uk/corporate/policy/opengov/eir/pdf/commission-report-uk.pdf> accessed 30 June 2010, 14, and further references cited therein.
531.
S Stec and S Casey-Lefkowitz (2000) (n 451), 63.
532.
Ibid, 64.
533.
Of the same opinion cf European Parliament, Report on the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (First Reading) (n 24), 11; Commission (31 May 2006) (n 25), 55. The Commission argues that no exception applies to information on off-site transfers. In these cases all of the grounds for confidentiality set out in article 4 (2) of Directive 2003/4/EC may be considered. This cannot be upheld on the grounds of de lege lata. The confidentiality is not tied to ‘off-site transfers’ but the ‘release’.
534.
For comparative legal aspects on the position and functioning of environmental agencies cf W Kahl ‘Stellung und Aufgaben von Umweltagenturen - eine rechtsvergleichende Typologie’ in U di Fabio, P Marburger and M Schröder (eds), Jahrbuch des Umwelt- und Technikrechts (Decker, Heidelberg 1996). On the European Environment Agency cf S Breier ‘Die Organisationsgewalt der Gemeinschaft am Beispiel der Errichtung der Europäischen Umweltagentur’ (1995) 17 Natur und Recht 516; K-H Ladeur ‘Die Europäische Umweltagentur und die Perspektiven eines europäischen Netzwerks der Umweltagenturen’ (1997) 19 Natur und Recht 8.
535.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 401/2009 of 23 April 2009 on the European Environment Agency and the European Environment Information and Observation Network, [2009] OJ L 126/13, 13. For the history of the origin of that regulation cf M Brenner ‘§ 20 Besondere Einrichtungen’ in H-W Rengeling (ed), Handbuch zum europäischen und deutschen Umweltrecht (Allgemeines Umweltrecht: Grundlagen des Umweltrechts in der Europäischen Union, Heymanns, Cologne, Berlin, Bonn, Munich 2003), marginal nos 6 et seq.
536.
A Epiney Umweltrecht in der Europäischen Union: Primärrechtliche Grundlagen. Gemeinschaftliches Sekundärrecht (2nd edn Heymanns, Cologne 2005), 47, and the further references cited therein.
537.
Cf ibid, 47–48.
538.
For further information on the tasks of the agency cf M Brenner (2003) (n 779), marginal nos 25 et seq.
539.
For further information on Eionet cf ibid, marginal nos 39 et seq.
540.
European Environment Agency Eionet Connects (Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg 2004), 2.
541.
For more details cf ibid, 3 et seq.
542.
A Epiney (2005) (n 780), 49.
543.
Cf eg Bundestag, Gesetz zur Ausführung des Protokolls über Schadstofffreisetzungs- und -verbringungsregister vom 21. Mai 2003 sowie zur Durchführung der Verordnung (EG) Nr. 166/2006 (n 621), § 2 (1).
544.
European Environment Agency ‘Budget of the European Environment Agency for the Financial Year 2010’ (19 January 2010) Administrative Document No 1/2010.
545.
European Environment Agency, Implementation Rules for the Application of Regulation (EC) 1049/2001, Adopted by the Management Board on 22 June 2004 <http://www.eea.europa.eu/about-us/documents/administrativedocuments/administrativedocuments/implementingrules.html> accessed 30 June 2010.
546.
S Breier (1995) (n 778), 519–520.
547.
For an elementary and at length overview cf M Hilf Die Organisationsstruktur der Europäischen Gemeinschaften: rechtliche Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten und Grenzen (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1982), 7 et seq, 13 et seq, 65 et seq, 109 et seq.
548.
P M Huber ‘§ 19 Grundlagen und Organe (Art. 4 EGV)’ in H-W Rengeling (ed), Handbuch zum europäischen und deutschen Umweltrecht (Allgemeines Umweltrecht: Grundlagen des Umweltrechts in der Europäischen Union, Heymanns, Cologne, Berlin, Bonn, Munich 2003), marginal no 90, and further references cited therein.
549.
Cf M Hilf (1982) (n 791), 297 et seq. For the origins of the doctrine on the delegation of regulatory authority cf Court of Justice, Joined Cases 9 and 10/56 Meroni v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community [1958] ECR 133, 157.
550.
Court of Justice, Case 138/79 Roquette Frères v Council [1980] ECR 3333, paragraph 33.
551.
M Hilf (1982) (n 791), 161, 328.
552.
A Epiney (2005) (n 780), 51.
553.
From the subsequently enriched literature cf eg D A Westbrook ‘Environmental Policy in the European Community: Observations on the European Environment Agency’ (1991) 15 Harvard Environmental Law Review 257, 264.
554.
S Bell and D McGillivray Environmental Law (7th edn Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York 2008), 176.
555.
Commission, Report to the Council on the Review of the European Environment Agency (EEA), COM (2003) 800 final, 22 December 2003, 20.
556.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 401/2009 of 23 April 2009 on the European Environment Agency and the European Environment Information and Observation Network (n 779), recital 5, articles 1 to 4.
557.
For a recent well-elaborated piece of work and further references cf eg G Majone ‘Delegation of Regulatory Powers in a Mixed Polity’ (2002) 8 European Law Journal 319.
558.
K Lenaerts ‘Regulating the Regulatory Process: Delegation of Powers in the European Community’ (1993) 18 European Law Review 23, 23 et seq.
559.
Meroni v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (n 793). Cf also G Majone ‘The New European Agencies: Regulation by Information’ (1997) 4 Journal of European Public Policy 262, 263.
560.
Meroni v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (n 793).
561.
Ibid, 154, 175.
562.
M Everson ‘Independent Agencies: Hierarchy Beaters?’ (1995) 1 European Law Journal 180, 197.
563.
K Fischer and T Fetzer (2003) (n 280), 54, 57–58.
564.
G Majone ‘Independence vs. Accountability? Non-Majoritarian Institutions and Democratic Governments in Europe’ (2007) Working Paper No 94/3, 4.
565.
M Everson (1995) (n 806), 183.
566.
G Majone ‘The European Community Between Social Policy and Social Regulation’ (1993) 31 Journal of Common Market Studies 153, 157–158. In this context, Stiglitz raises the point that the paternalistic argument for government activities is quite distinct from the externalities argument. For instance, smoking in public places imposes a cost on non-smokers. A ban can be justified by an externalities argument. From a paternalistic view one might argue that individuals should not be allowed to smoke even in the privacy of their own homes even if a tax is levied which makes the smokers take account of the external costs they impose on others. J E Stiglitz Economics of the Public Sector (2nd edn Norton, New York 1988), 81.
567.
M Everson (1995) (n 806), 183.
568.
Ibid, 184–185, 189–192.
569.
Ibid, 186–188.
570.
Ibid, 195–196.
571.
For an early overview on the causes of enforcement deficits under EU environmental law cf L Krämer ‘Defizite im Vollzug des EG-Umweltrechts und ihre Ursachen’ in G Lübbe-Wolff (ed), Der Vollzug des europäischen Umweltrechts (E Schmidt, Berlin 1996), 28–43, naming, inter alia, environmental awareness, priorities of the administration, financial and administrative resources as well as transparency and access deficits.
572.
In this regard cf W Kahl (1996) (n 778), 134.
573.
In this regard cf G Winter ‘Kompetenzen der Europäischen Gemeinschaft im Verwaltungsvollzug’ in G Lübbe-Wolff (ed), Der Vollzug des europäischen Umweltrechts (E Schmidt, Berlin 1996), 127. For a more progressive approach cf W Kahl (1996) (n 778), 134, who argued in favour of a general supervisory function for the EEA in order to unburden the Commission from enforcement activities.
574.
Cf M Lee (2005) (n 106), 74, 77.
575.
Commission, Draft Interinstitutional Agreement on the Operating Framework for the European Regulatory Agencies, COM (2005) 59 final, 25 February 2005, 11–12.
576.
J Fleischer ‘Die europäischen Agenturen als Diener vieler Herren? Zur Steuerung und Rolle von EU-Agenturen’ in W Jann and M Döhler (eds), Agencies in Westeuropa (Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2007), 245.
577.
Bundestag, Gesetz zur Ausführung des Protokolls über Schadstofffreisetzungs- und -verbringungsregister vom 21. Mai 2003 sowie zur Durchführung der Verordnung (EG) Nr. 166/2006 (n 621), § 7 (1).
578.
Ibid, § 7 (2).
579.
This argument is, however, not expanded upon here. For an overview of criminal environmental law, its possibilities and limitations, as well as further references, cf M Lee (2005) (n 106), 69–73.
580.
Cf Bundestag, Abgabenordnung, 1 October 2002, BGBl I, 3866; last amended 30 July 2009, BGBl I, 2474, § 162, requiring the tax authorities, in the absence of records, to estimate the basis of taxation. By analogy, the national competent authorities may, in absence of records, estimate the volume of undisclosed pollutant releases. This may have an effect on compliance with other direct or market regulations.
581.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 166/2006 of 18 January 2006 Concerning the Establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and Amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (n 24), recital 15, sentence 2.
582.
K-D Borchardt ‘Artikel 263 AEUV’ in C-O Lenz and K-D Borchardt (eds), EU-Verträge: Kommentar nach dem Vertrag von Lissabon (5th edn Bundesanzeiger/Linde, Vienna 2010), marginal nos 26–27.
583.
Ibid, marginal nos 28.
584.
Ibid, marginal nos 29–31.
585.
Ibid, marginal nos 32–52. On the access to a court for decisions in the legal costume of a regulation cf ibid, marginal nos 35–38. On the access to a court for regulations, which, inter alia, unfold direct and individual concern ibid, marginal nos 39–45. On the access to a review of the legality of directives cf K-D Borchardt (2010) (n 826), marginal nos 50–52; P P Craig and G de Búrca EU Law: Text, Cases, and Materials (4th edn Oxford University Press, Oxford 2008), 509 fn 25, and the case-law cited therein.
586.
K-D Borchardt (2010) (n 826), marginal nos 53–54.
587.
P P Craig and G de Búrca (2008) (n 829), 509 fns 26–27, and the case-law cited therein.
588.
K-D Borchardt (2010) (n 826), marginal nos 32–34.
589.
Ibid, marginal nos 46–49.
590.
M Lee (2005) (n 106), 140. For greater detail and extending this argument cf P P Craig and G de Búrca (2008) (n 829), 525–527; P P Craig EU Administrative Law (Oxford University Press, Oxford 2006), 340–344.
591.
M M Slotboom ‘Participation of NGOs before the WTO and EC Tribunals: Which Court Is the Better Friend?’ (2006) 5 World Trade Review 69, 72.
592.
Court of Justice, Case 25–62 Plaumann v Commission [1963] ECR 95; P P Craig and G de Búrca (2008) (n 829), 511–513; M Lee (2005) (n 106), 140; F Ragolle ‘Access to Justice for Private Applicants in the Community Legal Order: Recent (R)evolutions’ (2003) 28 European Law Review 90.
593.
P P Craig and G de Búrca (2008) (n 829), 509, 513 fn 32, and the case-law cited therein; M M Slotboom (2006) (n 835), 73.
594.
C Harlow ‘Towards a Theory of Access for the European Court of Justice’ in A Barav and D A Wyatt (eds), Yearbook of European Law 1992 (Oxford University Press, Oxford 1993), 213.
595.
Court of First Instance, Case T-585/93 Stichting Greenpeace Council (Greenpeace International) and Others v Commission (I) [1995] ECR II-2205.
596.
Court of Justice, Case C-321/95 P Stichting Greenpeace Council (Greenpeace International) and Others v Commission (II) [1998] ECR I-1651.
597.
M Lee (2005) (n 106), 140–141.
598.
Stichting Greenpeace Council (Greenpeace International) and Others v Commission (I) (n 839), paragraph 54.
599.
T Crossen and V Niessen ‘NGO Standing in the European Court of Justice: Does the Aarhus Regulation Open the Door?’ (2007) 16 Review of European Community and International Environmental Law 332, 337 fn 36, and the further references cited therein; M M Slotboom (2006) (n 835), 73.
600.
Court of Justice, Case C-50/00 P Unión de Pequeños Agricultores v Council, Opinion AG Jacobs [2002] ECR I-6677.
601.
Court of First Instance, Case T-177/01 Jégo-Quéré and Cie SA v Commission [2002] ECR II-2365.
602.
Court of Justice, Case C-50/00 P Unión de Pequeños Agricultores v Council [2002] ECR I-6677.
603.
Court of Justice, Case C-263/02 P Commission v Jégo-Quéré and Cie SA [2004] ECR I-3425.
604.
For discussion and criticism cf C Koch ‘Locus Standi of Private Applicants under the EU Constitution: Preserving Gaps in the Protection of Individuals’ Right to an Effective Remedy’ (2005) 30 European Law Review 511; J A Usher ‘Direct and Individual Concern: An Effective Remedy or a Conventional Solution?’ (2003) 28 European Law Review 575.
605.
M Lee (2005) (n 106), 143.
606.
K-D Borchardt (2010) (n 826), marginal nos 54.
607.
A Keessen ‘Reducing the Judicial Deficit in Multilevel Environmental Regulation: The Example of Plant Protection Products’ (2007) 16 European Energy and Environmental Law Review 26, 34.
608.
Commission, Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Application of the Provisions of the Aarhus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters to EC Institutions and Bodies, COM (2003) 622 final, 24 October 2003, 10.
609.
T Crossen and V Niessen (2007) (n 843), 335 fn 26, and the case-law cited therein.
610.
Court of Justice, Joined Cases 8-11/66 Société Anonayme Cimenteries CBR Cementsbedrijven NV and Others v Commission [1967] ECR 75, 91.
611.
For a discussion of different opinions cf T Crossen and V Niessen (2007) (n 843), 337–339.
612.
Court of First Instance, Case T-264/04 WWF European Policy Programme v Council [2007] ECR II-911, paragraphs 36 et seq.
613.
For a recent case cf Court of First Instance, Case T-396/09 (Action brought on 6 October 2009) Vereniging Milieudefensie and Stichting Stop Luchtverontreiniging Utrecht v Commission (I) [2009] OJ C 297/28 (Application). This particular application was dismissed, cf Court of First Instance, Case T-396/09 (Order of the President of the General Court of 17 December 2009) Vereniging Milieudefensie and Stichting Stop Luchtverontreiniging Utrecht v Commission (II) [2010] OJ C 37/38. However, it demonstrates the potential of articles 10 to 12 of Regulation (EC) 1367/2006.
614.
Commission v Germany (n 691), paragraphs 47–48.
615.
M Lee (2005) (n 106), 157.
616.
For the origins of transparency in the EU cf S Peers ‘From Maastricht to Laeken: The Political Agenda of Openness and Transparency in the European Union’ in V Deckmyn (ed), Increasing Transparency in the European Union? Conference Proceedings (European Institute of Public Administration, Maastricht 2002).
617.
European Union, Treaty of Maastricht (n 636), 101.
618.
Cf eg for the standard work J H Weiler ‘The Transformation of Europe’ (1991) 100 Yale Law Journal 2403, 2466–2474. Of a different opinion G Majone ‘Europe’s Democratic Deficit: The Question of Standards’ (1998) 4 European Law Journal 5, 27–28. However, the democracy deficit of the Community is a separate legal investigation and is not covered here.
619.
Cf eg E Fisher ‘The European Union in the Age of Accountability’ (2004) 24 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 495.
620.
P P Craig and G de Búrca (2008) (n 829), 562.
621.
G de Búrca ‘The Quest for Legitimacy in the European Union’ (1996) 59 Modern Law Review 349, 359.
622.
Cf D M Curtin ‘Betwixt and Between: Democracy and Transparency in the Governance of the European Union’ in J A Winter and Others (eds), Reforming the Treaty on European Union: The Legal Debate (Kluwer Law International, The Hague 1996).
623.
Council and Commission, Code of Conduct 93/730/EC of 6 December 1993 Concerning Public Access to Council and Commission Documents, [1993] OJ L 340/41.
624.
Council, Decision 93/731/EC of 20 December 1993 on Public Access to Council Documents, [1993] OJ L 340/43; Commission, Decision 94/90/EC of 8 February 1994 on Public Access to Commission Documents, [1994] OJ L 46/58.
625.
For a well-elaborated piece of work on this subject cf C Sobotta Transparenz in den Rechtsetzungsverfahren der Europäischen Union: Stand und Perspektiven des Gemeinschaftsrechts unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Grundrechtes auf Zugang zu Informationen (1st edn Nomos, Baden-Baden 2001).
626.
R Bifulco ‘Article 42 - Right of Access to Documents’ in W B Mock and G Demuro (eds), Human Rights in Europe: Commentary on the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (Carolina Academic Press, Durham NC 2010), 266.
627.
R Bifulco (2010) (n 870), 262; P V van Vormizeele ‘Artikel 42 GRC’ in J Schwarze (ed), EU-Kommentar (2nd edn Nomos, Baden-Baden 2009), marginal no 1; S Magiera ‘Artikel 42’ in J Meyer (ed), Charta der Grundrechte der Europäischen Union (2nd edn Nomos, Baden-Baden 2006), marginal nos 1 et seq.
628.
Petrie and Others v Commission (n 727), paragraphs 34 et seq.
629.
M Kloepfer Informationsrecht (Beck, Munich 2002), 51–52. Cf also A Scheidler ‘Der Anspruch auf Zugang zu Umweltinformationen: Zur Neufassung des Umweltinformationsgesetzes’ (2006) 26 Umwelt und Planungsrecht 13; M Kloepfer ‘Umweltrecht als Informationsrecht’ (2005) 25 Umwelt und Planungsrecht 41.
630.
P P Craig and G de Búrca (2008) (n 829), 563.
631.
Council, Decision 2000/527/EC of 14 August 2000 Amending Decision 93/731/EC on Public Access to Council Documents and Council Decision 2000/23/EC on the Improvement of Information on the Council’s Legislative Activities and the Public Register of Council Documents, [2000] OJ L 212/9.
632.
For a critical overview of the judicial decisions made under this Regulation cf J Heliskoski and P Leino ‘Darkness at the Break of Noon: The Case Law on Regulation No 1049/2001 on Access to Documents’ (2006) 43 Common Market Law Review 735.
633.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 1049/2001 of 30 May 2001 Regarding Public Access to European Parliament, Council and Commission Documents (n 44), article 4. It reads:
1. (1)
  The institutions shall refuse access to a document where disclosure would undermine the protection of:
  
  (a)
  the public interest as regards:
  
  public security,
  
  defence and military matters,
  
  international relations,
  
  the financial, monetary or economic policy of the Community or a Member State;
  
  (b)
  privacy and the integrity of the individual, in particular in accordance with Community legislation regarding the protection of personal data.
2. (2)
  The institutions shall refuse access to a document where disclosure would undermine the protection of:
  
  commercial interests of a natural or legal person, including intellectual property,
  
  court proceedings and legal advice,
  
  the purpose of inspections, investigations and audits,
  
  unless there is an overriding public interest in disclosure.
3. (3)
  Access to a document, drawn up by an institution for internal use or received by an institution, which relates to a matter where the decision has not been taken by the institution, shall be refused if disclosure of the document would seriously undermine the institution’s decision-making process, unless there is an overriding public interest in disclosure.
  
  Access to a document containing opinions for internal use as part of deliberations and preliminary consultations within the institution concerned shall be refused even after the decision has been taken if disclosure of the document would seriously undermine the institution’s decision-making process, unless there is an overriding public interest in disclosure.
4. (4)
  As regards third-party documents, the institution shall consult the third party with a view to assessing whether an exception in paragraph 1 or 2 is applicable, unless it is clear that the document shall or shall not be disclosed.
5. (5)
  A Member State may request the institution not to disclose a document originating from that Member State without its prior agreement.
6. (6)
  If only parts of the requested document are covered by any of the exceptions, the remaining parts of the document shall be released.
7. (7)
  The exceptions as laid down in paragraphs 1 to 3 shall only apply for the period during which protection is justified on the basis of the content of the document. The exceptions may apply for a maximum period of 30 years. In the case of documents covered by the exceptions relating to privacy or commercial interests and in the case of sensitive documents, the exceptions may, if necessary, continue to apply after this period.
634.
Cf S Peers ‘The New Regulation on Access to Documents: A Critical Analysis’ in P Eeckhout and T Tridimas (eds), Yearbook of European Law 2002 (Oxford University Press, Oxford 2003).
635.
For an initial qualitative evaluation of the application of this Regulation cf Commission, Report on the Implementation of the Principles in Regulation (EC) 1049/2001 Regarding Public Access to European Parliament, Council and Commission Documents, COM (2004) 45 final, 30 January 2004.
636.
M Kloepfer (2002) (n 873), 407–408.
637.
Commission, Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Regarding Public Access to European Parliament, Council and Commission Documents, COM (2008) 229 final, 30 April 2008. On 9 November 2005, the Commission decided to launch the ‘European Transparency Initiative’, which included a review of the regulation.
638.
European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EC) 1367/2006 of 6 September 2006 on the Application of the Provisions of the Aarhus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters to Community Institutions and Bodies, [2006] OJ L 264/13.
639.
Also J H Jans and H H Vedder (2008) (n 248), 331.
640.
Court of Justice, Case C-58/94 Netherlands v Council, Opinion AG Tesauro [1996] ECR I-2169, paragraph 6.
641.
Court of Justice, Case C-58/94 Netherlands v Council [1996] ECR I-2169, paragraph 35.
642.
For a more recent decision drawing a link between democratic principles and access to information cf eg Court of First Instance, Case T-211/00 Kuijer v Council [2002] ECR II-485.
643.
Court of Justice, Case C-353/99 P Council v Hautala [2001] ECR I-9565, paragraph 31.
644.
Court of First Instance, Case T-194/94 Carvel and Guardian Newspaper Ltd v Council [1995] ECR II-2765, paragraph 64.
645.
Court of Justice, Case 110/84 Municipality of Hillegom v Hillenius [1985] ECR 3947, paragraph 2.
646.
Ibid, paragraph 29.
647.
Ibid, paragraph 33.
648.
Court of First Instance, Case T-105/95 WWF UK (World Wide Fund for Nature) v Commission [1997] ECR II-313, paragraph 54.
649.
Ibid, paragraph 55.
650.
Ibid, paragraph 56.
651.
Ibid, paragraphs 58, 60.
652.
WWF UK (World Wide Fund for Nature) v Commission (n 892), paragraphs 59–60; P Kunzlik ‘Access to the Commission’s Documents in Environmental Cases - Confidentiality and Public Confidence: World Wildlife Fund for Nature v The Commission of the European Communities’ (1997) 9 Journal of Environmental Law 321, 339–340.
653.
WWF UK (World Wide Fund for Nature) v Commission (n 892), paragraph 61.
654.
Ibid, paragraphs 62–65.
655.
Ibid, paragraph 66. Also eg Court of Justice, Case C-350/88 Delacre v Commission [1990] ECR I-395, paragraph 15.
656.
WWF UK (World Wide Fund for Nature) v Commission (n 892), paragraph 67.
657.
Cf ibid, paragraphs 68–77.
658.
Court of First Instance, Case T-2/03 Verein für Konsumenteninformation v Commission [2005] ECR II-1121, paragraph 100. Cf also Court of First Instance, Case T-194/04 Bavarian Lager Company Ltd v Commission (II) [2007] ECR II-4523.
659.
Court of First Instance, Case T-92/98 Interporc GmbH v Commission (I) [1999] ECR II-3521.
660.
Court of Justice, Case C-41/00 P Interporc GmbH v Commission (II) [2003] ECR I-2125, paragraph 55.
661.
Court of First Instance, Case T-120/10 (Action brought on 8 March 2010) ClientEarth v Commission [2010] OJ C 134/42 (Application), 43. This case is particularly interesting as it is concerned with emission related information and it is also brought before the CFI under Regulation (EC) 1367/2006, whereas article 6 (1), sentence 2 sets out that as regards the other exceptions set out in article 4 of Regulation (EC) 1049/2001, ‘the grounds for refusal shall be interpreted in a restrictive way, taking into account the public interest served by disclosure and whether the information requested relates to emissions into the environment’.
662.
Court of Justice, Case C-266/05 P Sison v Council (II) [2007] ECR I-1233.
663.
Court of First Instance, Joined Cases T-110, 150 and 405/03 Sison v Council (I) [2005] ECR II-1429. Cf eg in relation to other mandatory exceptions, WWF European Policy Programme v Council (n 856). Cf also S d Ferreira ‘The Fundamental Right of Access to Environmental Information in the EC: A Critical Analysis of WWF-EPO v Council’ (2007) 19 Journal of Environmental Law 399, 406–407.
664.
Sison v Council (I) (n 907), paragraph 45.
665.
Ibid, paragraph 60.
666.
Ibid, paragraphs 46–47.
667.
Ibid, paragraphs 60, 63.
668.
Cf P P Craig and G de Búrca (2008) (n 829), 565–566.
669.
J Heliskoski and P Leino (2006) (n 876), 765.
670.
Akzo Chemie BV and Akzo Chemie UK Ltd v Commission (n 462), paragraph 3. As far as is evident at the time of writing no interpretative judgments of the European courts on article 4 (1) (b) of Regulation (EC) 1049/2001 exist.
671.
Ibid, paragraph 5.
672.
Ibid, paragraph 8.
673.
Ibid, paragraph 9.
674.
Ibid, paragraph 10.
675.
Ibid, paragraph 11.
676.
Ibid, paragraph 12.
677.
Ibid, paragraph 30.
678.
Ibid, paragraph 31.
679.
Court of Justice, Joined Cases C-39 and 52/05 P Sweden and Turco v Council [2008] ECR I-4723, paragraph 78.
680.
In another case, the CFI found that disclosure of documents would undermine the decision-making freedom of the Commission, cf Court of First Instance, Case T-403/05 MyTravel Group Plc v Commission [2008] ECR II-2027, paragraphs 122–131.
681.
Cf P P Craig (2006) (n 834), 357–358.
682.
P P Craig and G de Búrca (2008) (n 829), 566.
683.
Court of Justice, Case 33/88 Allué and Coonan v Università degli studi di Venezia [1989] ECR 1591; Court of Justice, Joined Cases C-259, 331 and 332/91 Allué and Others v Università degli studi di Venezia [1993] ECR I-4309.
684.
Petrie and Others v Commission (n 727), paragraph 13.
685.
Cf ibid, paragraphs 14–15.
686.
Ibid, paragraph 47. Also Court of First Instance, Case T-123/99 JT’s Corp Ltd v Commission [2000] ECR II-3269, paragraph 53.
687.
Cf Petrie and Others v Commission (n 727), paragraph 48–50.
688.
WWF UK (World Wide Fund for Nature) v Commission (n 892), paragraph 55. Also Interporc GmbH v Commission (I) (n 903), paragraph 46.
689.
Petrie and Others v Commission (n 727), paragraph 64. Also Court of First Instance, Case T-174/95 Svenska Journalistförbundet v Council [1998] ECR II-2289, paragraph 66.
690.
Cf also Court of First Instance, Case T-309/97 Bavarian Lager Company Ltd v Commission (I) [1999] ECR II-3217, paragraph 39 and the case-law cited therein.
691.
Cf Petrie and Others v Commission (n 727), paragraphs 76–77. Also JT’s Corp Ltd v Commission (n 930), paragraph 53.
692.
Court of First Instance, Case T-168/02 IFAW v Commission [2004] ECR II-4135.
693.
J Heliskoski and P Leino (2006) (n 876), 774.
694.
Court of Justice, Case C-64/05 P Sweden and IFAW v Commission [2007] ECR I-11389, paragraphs 43–44.
695.
Ibid, paragraph 50.
696.
Ibid, paragraph 85.
697.
Ibid, paragraphs 86–88.
698.
Court of Justice, Case C-353/01 P Mattila v Council and Commission [2004] ECR I-1073, paragraph 29.
699.
Ibid, paragraph 30.
700.
Ibid, paragraph 31.
701.
Cf Court of Justice, Case C-353/01 P Mattila v Council and Commission, Opinion AG Léger [2004] ECR I-1073, paragraphs 59, 62.
702.
Court of Justice, Case 195/80 Michel v European Parliament [1981] ECR 2861, paragraph 22.
703.
Mattila v Council and Commission (n 942), paragraph 32.
704.
Cf ibid, paragraphs 33–34.
705.
Court of Justice, Case 145/83 Adams v Commission (I) [1985] ECR 3595; Court of Justice, Case 53/84 Adams v Commission (II) [1985] ECR 3595.
706.
Adams v Commission (I) (n 949), paragraph 1.
707.
Ibid, paragraph 2.
708.
Adams v Commission (II) (n 949), paragraph 1.
709.
P P Craig and G de Búrca (2008) (n 829), 564.
710.
K Lenaerts ‘In the Union We Trust: Trust-Enhancing Principles of Community Law’ (2004) 41 Common Market Law Review 317, 321.
711.
P P Craig and G de Búrca (2008) (n 829), 567.
712.
J Heliskoski and P Leino (2006) (n 876), 778.
713.
P H Sand ‘Information Disclosure as an Instrument of Environmental Governance’ (2003) 63 Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht 487, 499.

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Bünger, D. (2012). 3 E-PRTR Under EU Environmental Information Laws: The Collection. In: Deficits in EU and US Mandatory Environmental Information Disclosure. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22757-8_3

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