Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

International Conference on Artificial Immune Systems

ICARIS 2011: Artificial Immune Systems pp 108–116Cite as

Relevance of Pattern Recognition in a Non-deterministic Model of Immune Responses

  • Conference paper

  • 1047 Accesses

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNTCS,volume 6825))

Abstract

An artificial immune system model which lacks an explicit pattern recognition mechanism, yet appears to explain immunological memory and immune responses had been proposed[1, 2]. In this study, I asked whether inclusion of a pattern recognition mechanism (antigen-antibody) in the same computer simulation would substantially change the outcomes and thus the explanatory power of the proposed model. Our results suggest that although antigen-antibody interactions can elicit the emergence of an immune response, their relevance is contingent on the previous condition of the system, that is, the starting balance between suppressive and reactive agents (attractor) and its distance from the threshold for an inflammatory response. I conclude that changing the attractor (which maintain the level of reactivity in the background) is more important for the emergence or non-emergence of immune responses than modifying the pattern recognition system.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Salazar-Bañuelos, A.: Immune responses: A stochastic model. In: Bentley, P.J., Lee, D., Jung, S. (eds.) ICARIS 2008. LNCS, vol. 5132, pp. 24–35. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  2. Stibor, T., Salazar-Bañuelos, A.: On immunological memory as a function of a recursive proliferation process. In: 15th IEEE International Conference on Engineering of Complex Computer Systems, IEEE Press, Oxford (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Delves, P.J., Roitt, I.M.: The immune system. First of two parts. N. Engl. J. Med. 343, 37–49 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Delves, P.J., Roitt, I.M.: The immune system. Second of two parts. N. Engl. J. Med. 343, 108–117 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Silverstein, A.M.: A History of Immunology. Academic Press, San Diego (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Davies, J.D., Leong, L.Y., Mellor, A., Cobbold, S.P., Waldmann, H.: T cell suppression in transplantation tolerance through linked recognition. J. Immunol. 156, 3602–3607 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Charlton, B., Fathman, C.G., Slattery, R.M.: Th1 unresponsiveness can be infectious for unrelated antigens. Immunol. Cell Biol. 76, 173–178 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Zamora, A., Matejuk, A., Silverman, M., Vandenbark, A.A., Offner, H.: Inhibitory effects of incomplete Freund’s adjuvant on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Autoimmunity 35, 21–28 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Calne, R.Y., Sells, R.A., Pena, J.R., Ashby, B.S., Herbertson, B.M., Millard, P.R., Davis, D.R.: Toleragenic effects of porcine liver allografts. Br. J. Surg. 56, 692–693 (1969)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Orosz, C.G.: Immune simulation: applying complexity theory to transplant immunology. Canadian Society of Transplantation, Scientific Meeting, Lake Louise, Canada. Personal Communication (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Greensmith, J., Whitbrook, A., Aickelin, U.: Artificial Immune Systems. In: Gendreau, M., Potvin, J.-Y. (eds.) Handbook of Metaheuristics, 2nd edn., pp. 421–448. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  12. Forrest, S., Perelson, A.S., Allen, L., Cherukuri, R.: Self-nonself discrimination in a computer. In: proceedings of the 1994 IEEE Symposium on Research in Security and Privacy, pp. 202–212. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos (1994)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  13. Matzinger, P.: Tolerance, danger, and the extended family. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12, 991–1045 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Timmis, J.: Artificial immune systems—today and tomorrow. Natural computing: An International Journal 6(1), 1–18 (2007)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  15. Hart, E., Timmis, J.: Application area of AIS: The past, the present and the future. Appl. Soft. Comput. 8(1), 191–201 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Orosz, C.S., Forrest, S., Hoffmeyr, S., Cohen, I.R., Segel, L.A.: How complexity helps to shape alloimmunity. Graft 4, 365–382 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Salazar-Bañuelos, A.: Non-deterministic explanation of immune responses: A computer model. In: Andrews, P.S., Timmis, J., Owens, N.D.L., Aickelin, U., Hart, E., Hone, A., Tyrrell, A.M. (eds.) ICARIS 2009. LNCS, vol. 5666, pp. 7–10. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  18. Burnet, F.M.: A modification of Jerne’s theory of antibody production using the concept of clonal selection. Aust. J. Sci. 20, 67–69 (1957)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Von Boehmer, H., Teh, H.S., Kisielow, P.: The thymus selects the useful, neglects the useless and destroys the harmful. Immunol. Today 10, 57–61 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Alfred, I.T.: The Immune Self, Theory or metaphor? Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Sakaguchi, S.: Regulatory T Cells: key controllers of immunologic self-tolerance. Cell 101, 455–458 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Coutinho, A.: The Le Douarin phenomenon: a shift in the paradigm of developmental self-tolerance. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 49, 131–136 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Salaun, J., Simmenauer, N., Belo, P., Coutinho, A., Le Doarin, N.M.: Grafts of supplementary thymuses injected with allogeneic pancreatic islets protect nonobese diabetic mice against diabetes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99, 874–877 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Salaun, J., Corbel, C., Le Douarin, N.M.: Regulatory T cells in the establishment and maintenance of self-tolerance: role of the thymic epithelium. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 49, 137–142 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Carneiro-Sampaio, M., Coutinho, A.: Tolerance and autoimmunity: lessons at the bedside of primary immunodeficiencies. Adv. Immunol. 95, 51–82 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Quintana, F.J., Cohen, I.R.: Regulatory T cells and immune computation. Eur. J. Immunol. 38, 903–907 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Cui, Z., Zhao, M.H., Segelmark, M., Hellmark, T.: Natural autoantibods to myeloperoxidase, proteinase 2, and the glomerular basement membrane are present in normal individuals. Kidney Int. (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Levin, E.C., Acharya, N.K., Han, M., Zavareh, S., Sedeyn, J.C., Venkataraman, V., Nagele, R.G.: Brain-reactive autoantibodies are nearly ubiquitous in human sera and may be linked to pathology in the context of blood-brain barrier breakdown. Bran. Res. (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Marin, G.G., Cardiel, M.H., Cornejo, H., Viveros, M.E.: Prevalence of antinuclear antibodies in 3 groups of healthy individuals: blood donors, hospital personnel, and relatives of patients with autoimmune diseases. J. Clin. Rheumatol. 15, 325–329 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Trendelenburg, M.: Autoanibodies-physiological phenomenon or manifestation of disease. Praxis (Bern 1994) 96, 379–382 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Nilsson, B.O., Skogh, T., Ernerudh, J., Johansson, B., Lofgren, S., Wikby, A., Dahle, C.: Antinuclear antibodies in the oldest-old women and men. J. Autoimmun. 27, 281–288 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. McKenna, R.M., Takemoto, S.K., Terasaki, P.I.: Anti-HLA antibodies after solid organ transplantation. Transplantation 69, 319–326 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Foothills Medical Centre, 1403 – 29 street NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 2T9, Canada

    Anastasio Salazar-Bañuelos

Authors
  1. Anastasio Salazar-Bañuelos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, William Gates Building, 15 JJ Thomson Avenue, CB3 0FD, Cambridge, UK

    Pietro Liò

  2. Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95125, Catania, Italy

    Giuseppe Nicosia

  3. Chair for IT Security (I20), Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstraße 3, 85748, Garching, Germany

    Thomas Stibor

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Salazar-Bañuelos, A. (2011). Relevance of Pattern Recognition in a Non-deterministic Model of Immune Responses. In: Liò, P., Nicosia, G., Stibor, T. (eds) Artificial Immune Systems. ICARIS 2011. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 6825. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22371-6_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22371-6_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-22370-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-22371-6

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation