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Nutritional Countermeasures for Spaceflight-Related Stress

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Stress Challenges and Immunity in Space

Abstract

Optimal function of the immune system is impaired in the presence of malnutrition. This led to the concept of immunonutrition which describes diets that are specifically designed to enhance immune functions and, without adequate nutrition, the immune system is clearly deprived of the components needed to generate an effective immune response (Beisel 1992; Mizock 2010). Nutrients act as antioxidants and as cofactors at the level of cytokine regulation (Cunningham-Rundles et al. 2005). Crews during spaceflight generally have lower dietary intake compared with normal conditions on ground (Lane et al. 1998). It is well known from ground research that a lack of macronutrients or selected micronutrients, like zinc, selenium, and the antioxidant vitamins can have profound effects on immune function (Chandra 1992; Chandra and Kumari 1994; Keith and Jeejeebhoy 1997). Micronutrient deficiency suppresses immune functions by affecting the innate T-cell-mediated immune response and adaptive antibody response. It leads also to a dysregulation of the balanced host response (Wintergerst et al. 2007). Disruption of nutritional balance and dietary intake of astronauts and cosmonauts during spaceflight, which is often accompanied by a stress response, might influence their immune response as the nutrition status can influence host immune responses and resistance to infection (Sonnenfeld 2002; Sonnenfeld and Shearer 2002). Some of the immune function alterations documented in astronauts (see Chaps. 9–12) have been reported also in states of nutrient deficiencies, and could potentially be counteracted by improving their nutrition. Detailed information on the absorption and metabolism of many micronutrients during spaceflight are mandatory before specific nutritional recommendations can be made, especially with regard to their relationship with the immune system function.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Profil Institute for Metabolic Research GmbH, Neuss, Germany

    Martina Heer

  2. IEL-Nutrition Physiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

    Martina Heer & Natalie Baecker

  3. NASA JSC, Universities Space Research Association, Houston, TX, USA

    Scott M. Smith & Sara R. Swart

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  1. Martina Heer
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  2. Natalie Baecker
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Correspondence to Martina Heer .

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  1. Klinikum Großhadern, Klinik für Anästhesiologie und, Universitätsklinikum München, Marchioninistr. 15, München, 81377, Germany

    Alexander Chouker

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Heer, M., Baecker, N., Smith, S.M., Swart, S.R. (2012). Nutritional Countermeasures for Spaceflight-Related Stress. In: Chouker, A. (eds) Stress Challenges and Immunity in Space. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22272-6_29

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