Abstract
It is widely acknowledged that nanosciences and nanotechnologies are going to play an important role in our society and that they have the potential to create benefits in many technological areas including materials science, information technology as well as energy and the environment. The word “nano” is of Greek origin and means dwarf. The name reveals that we are dealing with materials and processing at fundamental length scales. Conventionally, nanotechnology involves processes and materials at length scales between 100 nm and 1 nm or below (1 nanometer is equal to 10− 9 m).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
E. Osawa, Kagaku (Kyoto) 25, 854 (1970)
H. Kroto, J. Heath, S. O’Brien, R. Curl, R. Smalley, Nature 318(6042), 162 (1985)
W. Kratschmer, L. Lamb, K. Fostiropoulos, D. Huffman, Nature 347(6291), 354 (1990)
K. Kadish, R. Ruoff, Fullerenes: Chemistry, Physics and Technology (Wiley, New York, USA, 2000)
H. Shinohara, Rep. Prog. Phys. 63(6), 843 (2000)
S. Stevenson, G. Rice, T. Glass, K. Harich, F. Cromer, M. Jordan, J. Craft, E. Hadju, R. Bible, M. Olmstead, K. Maitra, A. Fisher, A. Balch, H. Dorn, Nature 401(6748), 55 (1999)
S. Yang, L. Dunsch, J. Phys. Chem. B 109(25), 12320 (2005)
S. Yang, M. Kalbac, A. Popov, L. Dunsch, Chem. – A Eur. J. 12(30), 7856 (2006). DOI 10.1002/chem.200600261
R. Macfarlane, D. Bethune, S. Stevenson, H. Dorn, Chem. Phys. Lett. 343(3-4), 29(2001)
S. Stevenson, P. Fowler, T. Heine, J. Duchamp, G. Rice, T. Glass, K. Harich, E. Hajdu, R. Bible, H. Dorn, Nature 408(6811), 427 (2000)
L. Dunsch, S. Yang, Small 3(8), 1298 (2007). DOI 10.1002/smll.200700036
T. Murphy, T. Pawlik, A. Weidinger, M. Hohne, R. Alcala, J. Spaeth, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77(6), 1075 (1996)
A. Weidinger, M. Waiblinger, B. Pietzak, T. Murphy, Appl. Phys. A – Mater. Sci. Process. 66(3), 287 (1998)
T. Kaneko, S. Abe, H. Ishida, R. Hatakeyama, Phys. Plasmas 14(11) (2007). DOI 10.1063/1.2814049
K. Komatsu, M. Murata, Y. Murata, Science 307(5707), 238 (2005). DOI 10.1126/ science.1106185
Y. Murata, M. Murata, K. Komatsu, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125(24), 7152 (2003). DOI 10.1021/ja0354162
H. Okimoto, R. Kitaura, T. Nakamura, Y. Ito, Y. Kitamura, T. Akachi, D. Ogawa, N. Imazu, Y. Kato, Y. Asada, T. Sugai, H. Osawa, T. Matsushita, T. Muro, H. Shinohara, J. Phys. Chem. C 112(15), 6103 (2008). DOI 10.1021/jp711776j
T. Akasaka, S. Okubo, M. Kondo, Y. Maeda, T. Wakahara, T. Kato, T. Suzuki, K. Yamamoto, K. Kobayashi, S. Nagase, Chem. Phys. Lett. 319(1–2), 153 (2000)
D. Leigh, J. Owen, S. Lee, K. Porfyrakis, A. Ardavan, T. Dennis, D. Pettifor, G. Briggs, Chem. Phys. Lett. 414(4–6), 307 (2005). DOI 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.08.090
T. Suetsuna, N. Dragoe, W. Harneit, A. Weidinger, H. Shimotani, S. Ito, H. Takagi, K. Kitazawa, Chem. – A Eur. J. 8(22), 5079 (2002)
P. Jakes, K. Dinse, C. Meyer, W. Harneit, A. Weidinger, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 5(19), 4080 (2003)
M. Kanai, K. Porfyrakis, A. Briggs, T. Dennis, Chem. Commun. (2), 210 (2004). DOI 10.1039/b310978h
A. Bartl, L. Dunsch, U. Kirbach, G. Seifert, Synth. Met. 86(1–3), 2395 (1997). International Conference on the Science and Technology of Synthetic Metals, Snowbird, UT, July 28–August 02, 1996
M.A.G. Jones, R.A. Taylor, A. Ardavan, K. Porfyrakis, G.A.D. Briggs, Chem. Phys. Lett. 428(4–6), 303 (2006). DOI 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.06.094
E. Xenogiannopoulou, S. Couris, E. Koudoumas, N. Tagmatarchis, T. Inoue, H. Shinohara, Chem. Phys. Lett. 394(1–3), 14 (2004). DOI 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.06.093
R. Bolskar, A. Benedetto, L. Husebo, R. Price, E. Jackson, S. Wallace, L. Wilson, J. Alford, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 125(18), 5471 (2003). DOI 10.1021/ja03400984
D. Cagle, S. Kennel, S. Mirzadeh, J. Alford, L. Wilson, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96(9), 5182 (1999)
J.J. Yin, F. Lao, J. Meng, P.P. Fu, Y. Zhao, G. Xing, X. Gao, B. Sun, P.C. Wang, C. Chen, X.J. Liang, Mol. Pharmacol. 74(4), 1132 (2008). DOI 10.1124/mol.108. 048348
W. Ma, C. Yang, X. Gong, K. Lee, A. Heeger, Adv. Funct. Mater. 15(10), 1617 (2005). DOI 10.1002/adfm.200500211
R.B. Ross, C.M. Cardona, D.M. Guldi, S.G. Sankaranarayanan, M.O. Reese, N. Kopidakis, J. Peet, B. Walker, G.C. Bazan, E. Van Keuren, B.C. Holloway, M. Drees, Nat. Mater. 8(3), 208 (2009). DOI 10.1038/NMAT2379
G. Morley, B. Herbert, S. Lee, K. Porfyrakis, T. Dennis, D. Nguyen-Manh, R. Scipioni, J. van Tol, A. Horsfield, A. Ardavan, D. Pettifor, J. Green, G. Briggs, Nanotechnology 16(11), 2469 (2005). DOI 10.1088/0957-4484/16/11/001
B. Plakhutin, N. Breslavskaya, E. Gorelik, A. Arbuznikov, J. Mol. Struct.-Theorem 727(1–3), 149 (2005). DOI 10.1016/j.theochem.2005.02.031
H. Mauser, N. Hommes, T. Clark, A. Hirsch, B. Pietzak, A. Weidinger, L. Dunsch, Angew Chem Int Ed 36(24), 2835 (1997)
A. Steane, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77(5), 793 (1996)
L. Vandersypen, M. Steffen, G. Breyta, C. Yannoni, M. Sherwood, I. Chuang, Nature 414(6866), 883 (2001)
D. DiVincenzo, Fortschritte der physik-progress of Physics 48(9–11), 771 (2000)
C. Bennett, D. DiVincenzo, Nature 404(6775), 247 (2000)
J. Morton, A. Tyryshkin, A. Ardavan, K. Porfyrakis, S. Lyon, G. Briggs, J. Chem. Phys. 124(1) (2006). DOI 10.1063/1.2147262
W. Harneit, Phys. Rev. A 65(3, Part A), 032322 (2002). DOI 10.1103/PhysRevA.65
A. Ardavan, M. Austwick, S. Benjamin, G. Briggs, T. Dennis, A. Ferguson, D. Hasko, M. Kanai, A. Khlobystov, B. Lovett, G. Morley, R. Oliver, D. Pettifor, K. Porfyrakis, J. Reina, J. Rice, J. Smith, R. Taylor, D. Williams, C. Adelmann, H. Mariette, R. Hamers, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A – Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 361(1808), 1473 (2003). DOI 10.1098/rsta.2003.1214. Discussion Meeting of the Royal-Society, London, England, March 13–14, 2002
S. Benjamin, A. Ardavan, G. Andrew, D. Briggs, D. Britz, D. Gunlycke, J. Jefferson, M. Jones, D. Leigh, B. Lovett, A. Khlobystov, S. Lyon, J. Morton, K. Porfyrakis, M. Sambrook, A. Tyryshkin, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 18(21, Sp. Iss. SI), S867 (2006). DOI 10.1088/0953-8984/18/21/S12
R. Taylor, Lecture Notes on Fullerene Chemistry: A Handbook for Chemists (Imperial College Press, London, UK, 1999)
A. Hirsch, M. Brettreich, F.B. Wudl, Fullerenes: Chemistry and Reactions (Wiley VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
B. Pietzak, M. Waiblinger, T. Murphy, A. Weidinger, M. Hohne, E. Dietel, A. Hirsch, Chem. Phys. Lett. 279(5–6), 259 (1997)
L. Franco, S. Ceola, C. Corvaja, S. Bolzonella, W. Harneit, M. Maggini, Chem. Phys. Lett. 422(1–3), 100 (2006). DOI 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.02.046
M. Jones, D. Britz, J. Morton, A. Khlobystov, K. Porfyrakis, A. Ardavan, G. Briggs, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 8(17), 2083 (2006). DOI 10.1039/b601171c
J. Zhang, J.J.L. Morton, M.R. Sambrook, K. Porfyrakis, A. Ardavan, G.A.D. Briggs, Chem. Phys. Lett. 432(4–6), 523 (2006). DOI 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.10.116
J. Zhang, K. Porfyrakis, J.J.L. Morton, M.R. Sambrook, J. Harmer, L. Xiao, A. Ardavan, G.A.D. Briggs, J. Phys. Chem. C 112(8), 2802 (2008). DOI 10.1021/ jp711861z
B. Goedde, M. Waiblinger, P. Jakes, N. Weiden, K. Dinse, A. Weidinger, Chem. Phys. Lett. 334(1–3), 12 (2001)
T. Wakahara, Y. Iiduka, O. Ikenaga, T. Nakahodo, A. Sakuraba, T. Tsuchiya, Y. Maeda, M. Kako, T. Akasaka, K. Yoza, E. Horn, N. Mizorogi, S. Nagase, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 128(30), 9919 (2006). DOI 10.1021/ja062233h
O. Lukoyanova, C.M. Cardona, J. Rivera, L.Z. Lugo-Morales, C.J. Chancellor, M.M. Olmstead, A. Rodriguez-Fortea, J.M. Poblet, A.L. Balch, L. Echegoyen, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 129(34), 10423 (2007). DOI 10.1021/ja071733n
Y. Takano, A. Yomogida, H. Nikawa, M. Yamada, T. Wakahara, T. Tsuchiya, M.O. Ishitsuka, Y. Maeda, T. Akasaka, T. Kato, Z. Slanina, N. Mizorogi, S. Nagase, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 130(48), 16224 (2008). DOI 10.1021/ja802748q
T. Akasaka, T. Kono, Y. Takematsu, H. Nikawa, T. Nakahodo, T. Wakahara, M.O. Ishitsuka, T. Tsuchiya, Y. Maeda, M.T.H. Liu, K. Yoza, T. Kato, K. Yamamoto, N. Mizorogi, Z. Slanina, S. Nagase, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 130(39), 12840+ (2008). DOI 10.1021/ja802156n
J. Lindsey, New J. Chem. 15(2–3), 153 (1991)
B. Smith, M. Monthioux, D. Luzzi, Nature 396(6709), 323 (1998)
K. Hirahara, K. Suenaga, S. Bandow, H. Kato, T. Okazaki, H. Shinohara, S. Iijima, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85(25), 5384 (2000)
J.H. Warner, A.A.R. Watt, L. Ge, K. Porfyrakis, T. Akachi, H. Okimoto, Y. Ito, A. Ardavan, B. Montanari, J.H. Jefferson, N.M. Harrison, H. Shinohara, G.A.D. Briggs, Nano Lett. 8(4), 1005 (2008). DOI 10.1021/nl0726104
F. Simon, H. Kuzmany, H. Rauf, T. Pichler, J. Bernardi, H. Peterlik, L. Korecz, F. Fulop, A. Janossy, Chem. Phys. Lett. 383(3–4), 362 (2004). DOI 10.1016/j.cplett. 2003.11.039
A. Khlobystov, D. Britz, J. Wang, S. O’Neil, M. Poliakoff, G. Briggs, J. Mater. Chem. 14(19), 2852 (2004). DOI 10.1039/b404167d
S. Toth, D. Quintavalle, B. Nafradi, L. Korecz, L. Forro, F. Simon, Phys. Rev. B 77(21) (2008). DOI 10.1103/PhysRevB.77.214409
J. Theobald, N. Oxtoby, M. Phillips, N. Champness, P. Beton, Nature 424(6952), 1029 (2003). DOI 10.1038/nature01915
S. Griessl, M. Lackinger, F. Jamitzky, T. Markert, M. Hietschold, W. Heckl, J. Phys. Chem. B 108(31), 11556 (2004). DOI 10.1021/jp049521p
D.S. Deak, F. Silly, K. Porfyrakis, M.R. Castell, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 128(43), 13976 (2006). DOI 10.1021/ja0634369
A.K. Geim, K.S. Novoselov, Nat. Mater. 6(3), 183 (2007)
C. Lee, X. Wei, J.W. Kysar, J. Hone, Science 321(5887), 385 (2008). DOI 10.1126/ science.1157996
K. Novoselov, A. Geim, S. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. Dubonos, I. Grigorieva, A. Firsov, Science 306(5696), 666 (2004)
Y. Hernandez, V. Nicolosi, M. Lotya, F.M. Blighe, Z. Sun, S. De, I.T. McGovern, B. Holland, M. Byrne, Y.K. Gun’ko, J.J. Boland, P. Niraj, G. Duesberg, S. Krishnamurthy, R. Goodhue, J. Hutchison, V. Scardaci, A.C. Ferrari, J.N. Coleman, Nat. Nanotechnol. 3(9), 563 (2008). DOI 10.1038/nnano.2008.215
C. Berger, Z. Song, X. Li, X. Wu, N. Brown, C. Naud, D. Mayou, T. Li, J. Hass, A.N. Marchenkov, E.H. Conrad, P.N. First, W.A. de Heer, Science 312(5777), 1191 (2006). DOI 10.1126/science.1125925
A. Reina, X. Jia, J. Ho, D. Nezich, H. Son, V. Bulovic, M.S. Dresselhaus, J. Kong, Nano Lett. 9(1), 30 (2009). DOI 10.1021/nl801827v
X. Li, W. Cai, J. An, S. Kim, J. Nah, D. Yang, R. Piner, A. Velamakanni, I. Jung, E. Tutuc, S.K. Banerjee, L. Colombo, R.S. Ruoff, Science 324(5932), 1312 (2009). DOI 10.1126/science.1171245
K. Novoselov, D. Jiang, F. Schedin, T. Booth, V. Khotkevich, S. Morozov, A. Geim, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 102(30), 10451 (2005). DOI 10.1073/pnas.0502848102
K. Novoselov, A. Geim, S. Morozov, D. Jiang, M. Katsnelson, I. Grigorieva, S. Dubonos, A. Firsov, Nature 438(7065), 197 (2005). DOI 10.1038/nature04233
Y. Zhang, Y. Tan, H. Stormer, P. Kim, Nature 438(7065), 201 (2005). DOI 10.1038/ nature04235
X. Du, I. Skachko, A. Barker, E.Y. Andrei, Nat. Nanotechnol. 3(8), 491 (2008). DOI 10.1038/nnano.2008.199
K.S. Novoselov, Z. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S.V. Morozov, H.L. Stormer, U. Zeitler, J.C. Maan, G.S. Boebinger, P. Kim, A.K. Geim, Science 315(5817), 1379 (2007). DOI 10.1126/science.1137201
J.C. Meyer, C.O. Girit, M.F. Crommie, A. Zettl, Nature 454(7202), 319 (2008). DOI 10.1038/nature07094
J.H. Warner, M.H. Ruemmeli, L. Ge, T. Gemming, B. Montanari, N.M. Harrison, B. Buechner, G.A.D. Briggs, Nat. Nanotechnol. 4(8), 500 (2009). DOI 10.1038/ NNANO.2009.194
S. Niyogi, M. Hamon, H. Hu, B. Zhao, P. Bhowmik, R. Sen, M. Itkis, R. Haddon, Acc. Chem. Res. 35(12), 1105 (2002). DOI 10.1021/ar010155r
J.H. Warner, F. Schaeffel, G. Zhong, M.H. Ruemmeli, B. Buechner, J. Robertson, G.A.D. Briggs, ACS Nano 3(6), 1557 (2009). DOI 10.1021/nn900362a
M. O’Connell, S. Bachilo, C. Huffman, V. Moore, M. Strano, E. Haroz, K. Rialon, P. Boul, W. Noon, C. Kittrell, J. Ma, R. Hauge, R. Weisman, R. Smalley, Science 297(5581), 593 (2002)
L. Radushkevich, V. Lukyanovich, Zurn Fisic Chim 26, 88 (1952)
S. Iijima, Nature 354(6348), 56 (1991)
T. Ebbesen, P. Ajayan, Nature 358(6383), 220 (1992)
T. Guo, P. Nikolaev, A. Rinzler, D. Tomanek, D. Colbert, R. Smalley, J. Phys. Chem. 99(27), 10694 (1995)
T. Guo, P. Nikolaev, A. Thess, D. Colbert, R. Smalley, Chem. Phys. Lett. 243(1–2), 49 (1995)
M. Joseyacaman, M. Mikiyoshida, L. Rendon, J. Santiesteban, Appl. Phys. Lett. 62(6), 657 (1993)
M.S. Arnold, A.A. Green, J.F. Hulvat, S.I. Stupp, M.C. Hersam, Nat. Nanotechnol. 1(1), 60 (2006). DOI 10.1038/nnano.2006.52
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Porfyrakis, K., Warner, J.H. (2012). Carbon Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications. In: Logothetidis, S. (eds) Nanostructured Materials and Their Applications. NanoScience and Technology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22227-6_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22227-6_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-22226-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-22227-6
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)