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NMR Methods for the Investigation of Structure and Transport

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Abstract

In this chapter selected NMR and MRI applications in the domain of chemical and process engineering are summarized. Subjects covered are listed in the following. Gas filtration: filter structure and particle deposition. Solid–liquid separation: surface filtration and centrifugation. Powder mixing: corrected variance of composition for stepwise mixing and as function of average composition. Rheometry: VPDF and viscosity function. Relaxometry for a flowing liquid: correction of signal decay due to flow in an inhomogeneous excitation and detection field. Trickle-bed reactor: structure and segmentation of the solid phase, distribution of liquid phase, differentiation of catalyst and support particles. Ceramic sponges: porosity and specific surface. Biofilm: modification of flow field due to biofilm growth. Microwave heating: NMR thermography and numerical analysis of artifacts. Emulsions: pulsed-gradient stimulated-echo pulse sequence (PGSTE) measurements with spectral resolution on simple and double emulsions.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The binomial distribution applies to the basic urn model where particles are returned after being drawn. Without replacement a hypergeometric distribution is obtained. If K is the total number of particles the variances differ by the factor \((K - M)/(K - 1)\) which is close to one for K ≫ M.

  2. 2.

    Concerning the significance of a voxel, see Sect. 2.1.3, p. 14ff.

  3. 3.

    As usual in standard low-field systems, the y axis is chosen vertically (the z axis is in direction of the polarizing field, i.e., horizontal). Accordingly the velocity component of interest is denoted by v in this section instead of w.

  4. 4.

    With http://integrals.wolfram.com.

  5. 5.

    E. H. Hardy, D. Mertens, K. H. Wassmer, N. Nestle, Low-field integrated rheo-TD-NMR on industrial media – experiences and challenges, poster presented on the ICMRM 10 in Montana.

  6. 6.

    In the first experiment no water load was present. Although only low power was applied for short time damaging of the birdcage resonator by local overheating was impressive. Fortunately care was taken to build a resonator especially for the tests.

  7. 7.

    For measurements on larger samples a third variable capacitor was added to the birdcage resonator. At high salt content matching to the system impedance is not possible with the standard capacitances.

  8. 8.

    CEM I 42,5 HS samples were kindly prepared and provided by Z. Djuric and M. Haist, KIT, CS, IMB.

  9. 9.

    Saturated at 150 bar after evacuation and stored in water for 20 days.

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  1. Institut für Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Adenauerring 20b, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany

    Dr. Edme H. Hardy

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Hardy, E.H. (2012). Applications. In: NMR Methods for the Investigation of Structure and Transport. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21628-2_4

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