Abstract
The determination of vitality, i.e., whether an injury was incurred during life, and age of an internal injury or skin wound is a fundamental issue in forensic medicine (Cecchi 2010; Kondo and Ishida 2010; Grellner et al. 1997, 2000, 2005; Dreßler et al. 2001, 1999a, 1997; Wyler 1996; Lorente 1996; Kondo and Oshima 1996b; Betz 1995a, b, Betz et al. 1995, 1993e, 1992c, 1992a; Fechner et al. 1991; Oehmichen et al. 1989; Raekallio 1980a, 1980b, 1970, 1965a; Lindner 1962, 1967, 1980; (Berg and Bonte 1971; Lindner and Huber 1973). This examination includes the comparison of injuries incurred while alive with postmortem injuries (Vieira 1996; Oehmichen and Kirchner 1996; Oehmichen 1990a; Oehmichen and Cröpelin 1995; Oehmichen et al. 1988a, b, Naeve and Bause 1974), while epidermal esterase activity following blunt force trauma has been previously investigated (Pioch 1969).
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Abe Y, Sugisaki K, Dannenberg AM Jr (1996) Rabbit vascular endothelial adhesion molecules: ELAM 1 is most elevated in acute inflammation, whereas VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 predominate in chronic inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 60:692–703
Amberg R (1996) Time-dependent cytokine expression in cutaneous wound repair. In: Oehmichen M, Kirchner H (eds) The wound healing process – forensic pathological aspects, vol 13, Research in legal medicine. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 107–121
Amon U, Gibbs BF, Wolff HH (1996) Mast cells: mediators and aspects of wound healing. In: Oehmichen M, Kirchner H (eds) The wound healing process – forensic pathological aspects, vol 13, Research in legal medicine. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 173–202
Bacci S, Romagnoli P, Norelli GA, Forestieri AL, Bonelli A (2006) Early increase in TNF-alpha-containing mast cells in skin lesions. Int J Leg Med 120:138–142
Bai R, Wan L, Shi M (2008) The time-dependent expressions of IL-1β, COX-2, MCP-1 mRNA in skin wounds of rabbits. Forensic Sci Int 175:193–197
Beneke G (1972) Altersbestimmung von Verletzungen innerer Organe. Z Rechtsmed 71:1–16
Berg S (1972) The timing of skin wounds. Z Rechtsmed 70:121–135
Berg S (1975) Vitale Reaktionen und Zeitschätzungen. In: Mueller B (ed) Gerichtliche Medizin, vol Bd. 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp 327–340
Berg S, Bonte W (1971) Praktische Erfahrungen mit der biochemischen Wundaltersbestimmung. Beitr Gerichtl Med 28:108–114
Berg S, Elbel R (1969) Altersbestimmung subcutaner Blutungen. Münch Med Wochen 111:1185–1190
Berg S, Ditt J, Friedrich D, Bonte W (1968) Möglichkeiten der biochemischen Wundaltersbestimmung. Dtsch Z Gerichtl Med 63:183–198
Betz P (1994) Histological and enzyme histochemical parameters for the age estimation of human skin wounds. Int J Leg Med 107:60–68
Betz P (1995a) Forensische Altersbestimmung menschlicher Hautwunden. In: Bratzke H, Schröter A (eds) Immunhistochemie in der Rechtsmedizin. Hänsel-Hohenhausen, Egelsbach, Frankfurt, Washington, pp 37–100
Betz P (1995b) Immunohistochemical parameters for the age estimation of human skin wounds. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 16:203–209
Betz P (1996a) Collagen subtypes – markers for the healing of skin wounds. In: Oehmichen M, Kirchner H (eds) The wound healing process – forensic pathological aspects, vol 13, Research in legal medicine. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 247–256
Betz P (1996b) Neue Methoden zur histologischen Altersbestimmung menschlicher Hautwunden. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck
Betz P, Eisenmenger W (1996) Morphometrical analysis of hemosiderin deposits in relation to wound age. Int J Leg Med 108:262–264
Betz P, Nerlich A, Wilske J, Tubel J, Wiest I, Penning R et al (1992a) The time-dependent rearrangement of the epithelial basement membrane in human skin wounds – immunohistochemical localization of collagen IV and VII. Int J Leg Med 105:93–97
Betz P, Nerlich A, Wilske J, Tubel J, Wiest I, Penning R et al (1992b) Immunohistochemical localization of fibronectin as a tool for the age determination of human skin wounds. Int J Leg Med 195:21–26
Betz P, Nerlich A, Wilske J, Tübel J, Penning R, Eisenmenger W (1992c) Time-dependent appearance of myofibroblasts in granulation tissue of human skin wounds. Int J Leg Med 105:99–103
Betz P, Nerlich A, Wilske J, Tübel J, Wiest I, Penning R, Eisenmenger W (1992d) Time-dependent pericellular expression of collagen type IV, laminin, and heparin sulfate proteoglycan in myofibroblasts. Int J Leg Med 105:169–172
Betz P, Nerlich A, Tübel J, Penning R, Eisenmenger W (1993a) Localization of tenascin in human skin wounds – an immunohistochemical study. Int J Leg Med 105:325–328
Betz P, Nerlich A, Tübel J, Penning R, Eisenmenger W (1993b) The time-dependent expression of keratins 5 and 13 during the reepithelialization of human skin wounds. Int J Leg Med 105:229–232
Betz P, Nerlich A, Wilke J, Tubel J, Penning R, Eisenmenger W (1993c) Analysis of the immunohistochemical localization of collagen type III and V for the time-estimation of human skin wounds. Int J Leg Med 105:329–332
Betz P, Nerlich A, Wilske J, Tubel J, Penning R, Eisenmenger W (1993d) Immunohistochemical localization of collagen types I and VI in human skin wounds. Int J Leg Med 106:31–34
Betz P, Nerlich A, Wilske J, Tubel J, Penning R, Eisenmenger W (1993e) The immunohistochemical analysis of fibronectin, collagen type III, laminin, and cytokeratin 5 in putrified skin. Forensic Sci Int 61:35–42
Betz P, Nerlich A, Wilske J, Tübel J, Penning R, Eisenmenger W (1993f) The immunohistochemical localization of alpha1-antichymotrypsin and fibronectin and its meaning for the determination of the vitality of human skin wounds. Int J Leg Med 105:223–227
Betz P, Nerlich A, Wilske J, Tübel J, Penning R, Eisenmenger W (1993g) Immunohistochemical localization of collagen types I and VI in human skin wounds. Int J Leg Med 106:31–34
Betz P, Nerlich A, Wilske J, Tübel J, Penning R, Eisenmenger W (1993h) The time-dependent localization of Ki-67 antigen positive cells in human skin wounds. Int J Leg Med 106:35–40
Betz P, Tübel J, Eisenmenger W (1995) Immunohistochemical analysis of markers for different macrophage phenotypes and their use for a forensic wound age estimation. Int J Leg Med 107:197–200
Blitstein-Willinger E (1991) The role of growth factors in wound healing. Skin Pharmacol 4:175–182
Bode G, Garbe G, Stöckigt W, Förster B (1979) Der Einfluss von Schlafmitteln auf die Entwicklung der morphologischen und biochemischen Wundreaktion. Z Rechtsmed 82:337–347
Bode G, Garbe G, Ick D (1980) Der Einffluss von Kälte bzw. Tod durch Erfrieren auf die frühen Wundheilungsvorgänge an Hautschnitten. Beitr Gerichtl Med 38:119–124
Castagnoli C, Stella M, Magliacani G, Ferrone S, Momigliano Richiardi P (1994) Similar ectopic expression of ICAM-1 and HLA-class II molecules in hypertrophic scars following thermal injury. Burns 20:430–433
Cecchi R (2010) Estimating wound age: looking into the future. Int J Leg Med 124:523–536
Dachum W, Jiazhen Z (1992) Localization and quantification of the non-specific esterase in injured skin for timing of wounds. Forensic Sci Int 53:203–213
Dreßler J, Bachmann L, Kasper M, Hauck JG, Müller E (1997a) Time dependence of the expression of ICAM-1 (CD 54) in human skin wounds. Int J Leg Med 110:299–304
Dreßler J, Bachmann L, Müller E (1997b) Enhanced expression of ICAM-1 (CD54) in human skin wounds: diagnostic value in legal medicine. Inflamm Res 46:434–435
Dreßler J, Bachmann L, Koch R, Müller E (1999a) Enhanced expression of selectins in human skin wounds. Int J Leg Med 112:39–44
Dreßler J, Bachmann L, Koch R, Müller E (1999b) Estimation of wound age and VCAM-1 in human skin. Int J Leg Med 112:159–162
Dreßler J, Busuttil A, Koch R, Harrison DJ (2001) Sequence of melanocyte migration into human scar tissue. Int J Leg Med 115:61–63
Dürwald W (1987)Gerichtliche Medizin. 3rd Edition, J.A.Barth, Leipzig, Germany, p 87
Eisenmenger W, Nerlich A, Glück D (1988) Die Bedeutung des Kollagens bei der Wundaltersbestimmung. Z Rechtsmed 100:79–100
Fechner G (1991) Zum Vitalitatsbeweis von Sklelettschäden. Habilitationsschrift, Universität Münster
Fechner G (1995) Immunhistochemische Untersuchungen bei Muskeltraumen. In: Bratzke H, Schröter A (eds) Immunhistochemie in der Rechtsmedizin. Hänsel-Hohenhausen, Egelbach, Frankfurt, Washington, pp 22–36
Fechner G, Petkovits T, Brinkmann B (1990) Zur Ultrastruktur-Pathologie mechanischer Skelettmuskelschädigungen. Z Rechtsmed 103:291–299
Fechner G, Hauser R, Sepulchre MA, Brinkmann B (1991) Immunhistochemical investigations to demonstrate vital direct traumatic damage of skeletal muscle. Int J Leg Med 104:215–219
Fieguth A, Kleemann WJ, Tröger HD (1994) Immunohistochemical examination of skin wounds with antibodies against alpha-1 chymotrypsin, alpha-2-macroglobulin and lysozyme. Int J Leg Med 107:29–33
Fieguth A, Feldbrügge H, Gerich T, Kleemann WJ, Tröger HD (2003) The time-dependent expression of fibronectin, MRP8, MRP14 and defensin in surgically treated human skin wounds. Forensic Sci Int 131:156–161
Flad HD (1996) Chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines in wound healing. In: Oehmichen M, Kirchner H (eds) The wound healing process – forensic pathological aspects, vol 13, Research in legal medicine. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 49–57
Friebel L, Woohsmann H (1968) Die Altersbestimmung von Kanüleneinstichen mittels enzymhistochemischer Methoden. Dtsch Z gerichtl Med 62:252–260
Fries JWU, Williams AJ, Atkins RC, Newman W, Lipscomb MF, Collins T (1993) Expression of VCAM-1 and E-selectin in an in vivo model of endothelial activation. Am J Pathol 143:725–737
Grellner W (2002) Time-dependent immunohistochemical detection of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) in human skin wounds. Forensic Sci Int 130:90–96
Grellner W, Ester-Bode T, Köhler L, Staak M (1997) Zur Rolle von Adhäsionsmolekülen für die frühe Wundaltersschätzung. 6. Frühjahrstagung – Region Nord – der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Rechtsmedizin. Berlin, 23. und 24. Mai 1997
Grellner W, Dimmeler S, Madea B (1998) Immunohistochemical detection of fibronectin in post-mortem incised wounds of porcine skin. Forensic Sci Int 97:109–116
Grellner W, Georg T, Wilske J (2000) Quantitative analysis of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, Il.6, TNF-α) in human skin wounds. Forensic Sci Int 113:251–264
Grellner W, Vieler S, Madea B (2005) Transforming growth factors (TGF-α and TGF-β1) in the determination of vitality and wound age: immunohistochemical study on human skin wounds. Forensic Sci Int 153:174–180
Hausmann R, Nerlich A, Betz P (1998) The time-related expression of p53 protein in human skin wounds – a quantitative immunohistochemical analysis. Int J Leg Med 111:169–172
Hayashi T, Ishida Y, Kimura A, Takayasu T, Eisenmenger W, Kondo T (2004) Forensic application of VEGF expression to skin wound age determination. Int J Leg Med 118:320–325
Helpap B (1987) Leitfaden der allgemeinen Entzündungslehre. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York
Helpap B, Cremer H (1972) Zellkinetische Untersuchungen zur Wundheilung der Mäuseleber. Virchows Arch B 10:134–144
Ishida Y, Kimura A, Takayasu T, Eisenmenger W, Kondo T (2009) Detection of fibrocytes in human skin wounds and its application for wound age determination. Int J Leg Med 123:299–304
Janssen W (1977) Forensische Histologie. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck
Joseph-Silverstein J, Rifkin DB (1990) Endothelial cell growth factors and the vessel wall. In: Oehmichen M (ed) Die Wundheilung. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York
Kekow J, Gross WL (1996) Role of TGFβ in wound healing. In: Oehmichen M, Kirchner H (eds) The wound healing process – forensic pathological aspects, vol 13, Research in legal medicine. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 59–68
Klotzbach H, Delling G, Richter E, Sperhake J, Püschel K (2003) Post-mortem diagnosis and age estimation of infant`s fractures. Int J Leg Med 117:82–89
Kondo T (2007) Timing of skin wounds. Leg Med 9:109–114
Kondo T, Ishida Y (2010) Molecular pathology of wound healing. Forensic Sci Int 203:93–98
Kondo T, Ohshima T (1996a) Experimental study on the estimation of skin wound age after injury by immunostaining interleukin 1a, collagen type I and fibronectin. In: Oehmichen M, Kirchner H (eds) The wound healing process – forensic pathological aspects, vol 13, Research in legal medicine. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 123–132
Kondo T, Ohshima T (1996b) The dynamics of inflammatory cytokines in the healing process of mouse skin wound: a preliminary study for possible wound age determination. Int J Leg Med 108:231–236
Kondo T, Tanaka J, Ishida Y, Mori R, Tykayasu T, Ohshima T (2002) Ubiquitin expression in skin wounds an its application to forensic wound age determination. Int J Leg Med 116:267–272
Leibovich SJ, Wiseman DM (1988) Macrophages, wound repair and angiogenesis. In: Growth factors and other aspects of wound healing: biological and clinical implications. Alan R Liss Inc, New York, pp 131–145
Lindner J (1962) Die Morphologie der Wundheilung. Langenbecks Arch Chir 301:39–70
Lindner J (1967) Vitale Reaktionen. Dtsch Z Gerichtl Med 59:312–344
Lindner J (1980) Morphologie und Biochemie der Wundheilung. Langenbecks Arch Chir 358:153–160
Lindner J, Huber P (1973) Biochemische und morphologische Grundlagen der Wundheilung und ihre Beeinflussung. Med Welt 24:897–911
Lorente JA (1996) Cathepsin D as a marker of the vitality of the wounds. In: Oehmichen M, Kirchner H (eds) The wound healing process – forensic pathological aspects, vol 13, Research in legal medicine. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 69–81
MacGregor RR, Safford M, Salit M (1988) Effect of ethanol on function required for delivery of neutrophils to sites of inflammation. J Infect Dis 157:682–689
Mackie EJ, Halfter W, Liverani D (1988) Induction of tenascin in healing wounds. J Cell Biol 107:2757–2767
Mann M, Bednar B (1977) Influence of age and different drugs on the healing process in human skin wounds. Gerontology 23:277–289
Martin P (1997) Wound healing – aiming for perfect skin regeneration. Science 276:75–81
Mauch C, Oono T, Eckes B, Krieg T (1994) Cytokines and wound healing. In: Luger TA, Schwarz T (eds) Epidermal growth factors and cytokines. M. Dekker, New York, pp 325–344
Maxeiner H (1987) Zur lokalen Vitalreaktion nach Angriff gegen den Hals. Z Rechtsmed 99:35–54
Maxeiner H (1994) Zur lokalen Vitalreaktion bei Unterkühlung. Rechtsmed 4:80–84
McKay IA, Leigh IM (1991) Epidermal cytokines and their role in cutaneous wound healing. Br J Dermatol 124:513–518
Müller PK, Brinckmann J (1996) Collagen and wound healing – a summary. In: Oehmichen M, Kirchner H (eds) The wound healing process – forensic pathological aspects, vol 13, Research in legal medicine. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 243–246
Mulligan MS, Till GO, Smith CW, Anderson DC, Miyasaka M, Tamatani T, Todd RF, Issekutz TB, Ward PA (1994) Role of leucocyte adhesion molecules in lung and dermal vascular injury after thermal trauma of skin. Am J Pathol 144:1008–1015
Murakami R, Yamaoka I, Sakakura T (1989) Appearance of tenascin in healing skin of the mouse: possible involvement in seaming of wounded tissue. Int J Dev Biol 33:439–444
Naeve W, Bause HW (1974) Experimentelle postmortale Kopf- und Hirnverletzungen. Z Rechtsmed 74:187
Nakajima T, Hayakawa M, Yajima D, Motani-Saitoh H, Sato Y, Kiuchi M, Ichinose M, Iwase H (2006) Time-course changes in the expression of heme oxygenase-1 in human subcutaneous hemorrhage. Forensic Sci Int 158:157–163
Nerlich ML, Bosch U (1988) Wunde und Wundbehandlung. Tetanusprophylaxe. Orthopade 17:11–16
Ninggou L, Yijiu C, Xiaohua H (2006) Fibronectin EIIIA splicing variant: a useful contribution to forensic wounding interval estimation. Forensic Sci Int 162:178–182
Oehmichen M (1984) Blutabbau in den Lungenalveolen: Zeichen der Vitalität und Bestimmung der Überlebenszeit. Z Rechtsmed 92:47–57
Oehmichen M (1990a) Die Wundheilung. Springer, Heidelberg, Berlin, New York
Oehmichen M (1990b) Theorie und Praxis der Chronomorphologie von Verletzungen in der forensischen Pathologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York
Oehmichen M, Cröpelin A (1995) Temporal course of intravital and post-mortem proliferation of epidermis cells after injury – an immunohistochemical study using bromodeoxyuridine in rats. Int J Leg Med 107:257–262
Oehmichen M, Kirchner H (eds) (1996) The wound healing process – forensic pathological aspects. Res Leg Med Vol 13. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck
Oehmichen M, Raff G (1980) Timing of cortical contusion. Correlation between histomorphologic alterations and post-traumatic interval. Z Rechtsmed 84:79–94
Oehmichen M, Karres-Balting U, Saternus KS (1987) Reaktive Veränderungen bei Weichteilunterblutungen im Kehlkopfinneren. Beir Gerichtl Med 45:73–78
Oehmichen M, Frasunek J, Zilles K (1988a) Cytokinetics of epidermal cells in skin from human cadavers: I. Dependency on sex, age and site. Z Rechtsmed 101:161–171
Oehmichen M, Frasunek J, Zilles K (1988b) Cytokinetics of epidermal cells in skin from human cadavers: II. Dependency on sex, age and site. Z Rechtsmed 101:173–182
Oehmichen M, Schmidt V, Stuka K (1989) Freisetzung von Proteinase-Inhibitoren als vitale Reaktion im frühen posttraumatischen Intervall. Z Rechtsmed 102:461–472
Oehmichen M, Gronki T, Meissner C, Anlauf M, Schwark T (2009) Mast cell reactivity at the margin of human skin wounds: an early cell marker of wound survival? Forensic Sci Int 191:1–5
Ogbuihi S, Müller Z, Zink P (1988) Quantitative polarizing microscopy for the evaluation of collagen types I and III in paraffin-embedded sections. Z Rechtsmed 100:101–111
Ordmann LJ, Gillmann T (1966) Studies in the healing of cutaneous wounds. I. The healing of incisions through the skin of pigs. Arch Surg 93:857–882
Ortonne JP, Löning T, Schmitt D, Thivolet J (1981) Immunomorphological and ultrastructural aspects of keratinocyte migration in epidermal wound healing. Virchows Arch A 392:217–230
Pierce GF, Yanagihara D, Kopchin K et al (1994) Stimulation of all epithelial elements during skin regeneration by keratinocyte growth factor. J Exp Med 179:831–840
Pioch W (1969) Epidermale Esterase-Aktivität als Beweis der vitalen Einwirkung von stumpfer Gewalt. Beitr Gerichtl Med 25:136–145
Püschel K, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ, Brück M (1996) Time-dependent morphological alterations of injection marks. In: Oehmichen M, Kirchner H (eds) The wound healing process – forensic pathological aspects, vol 13, Research in legal medicine. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 293–307
Radzun HJ (1996) Pathology of wound healing and repair. In: Oehmichen M, Kirchner H (eds) The wound healing process – forensic pathological aspects, vol 13, Research in legal medicine. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 35–39
Raekallio J (1960) Enzymes histochemically demonstrable in the earliest phase of wound healing. Nature 188:234–235
Raekallio J (1964) Histochemical distinction between antemortem and postmortem skin wounds. J Forensic Sci 9:107–118
Raekallio J (1965a) Die Altersbestimmung mechanisch bedingter Hautwunden mit enzymhistochemischen Methoden. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck
Raekallio J (1965b) Histochemical demonstration of enzymatic response to injure in experimental skin wounds. Exp Mol Pathol 4:303–310
Raekallio J (1970) Enzyme histochemistry of wound healing. Fischer, Stuttgart
Raekallio J (1972) Determination of the age of wounds by histochemical and biochemical methods. Forensic Sci 1:3–16
Raekallio J (1973) Estimation of the age of injuries by histochemical and biochemical methods. Z Rechtsmed 73:83–102
Raekallio J (1976) Timing of wounds in forensic medicine. Jpn J Legal Med 30:125–136
Raekallio J (1980a) Histological estimation of the age of injuries. In: Perper JA, Wecht CH (eds) Microscopic diagnosis in forensic pathology. Thomas, Springfield, pp 3–16
Raekallio J (1980b) Histological and biochemical estimation of the age of injuries. In: Perper JA, Wecht CH (eds) Microscopic diagnosis in forensic pathology. Thomas, Springfield, pp 17–35
Raekallio J, Mäkinen PL (1967) Biochemical and histochemical observations on aminopeptidase activity in early wound healing. Nature 213:1037–1038
Raekallio J, Mäkinen PL (1974) The effect of ageing on enzyme histochemical vital reactions. Z Rechtsmed 75:105–111
Ross R (1968) The fibroblast and wound repair. Biol Rev 43:51–96
Schaeffer-Schulz WJ, Brück W, Püschel K (1996) Macrophage subtyping in the determination of age of injection sites. Int J Leg Med 109:29–33
Schollmeyer W (1965) Über die Altersbestimmung von Injektionsstichen. Beitr Gerichtl Med 23:244–249
Singer AJ, Clark RA (1999) Cutaneous wound healing. N Engl J Med 341:738–746
ten Dijke P, Iwata KK (1989) Growth factors for wound healing. Biotechnology 7:793–798
Thomsen H (1996) Platelets and wound healing – a review. In: Oehmichen M, Kirchner H (eds) The wound healing process – forensic pathological aspects, vol 13, Research in legal medicine. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 151–172
Tutsch-Bauer E, Baur C, Tröger HD, Liebhardt E (1981) Untersuchungen zur Altersbestimmung an künstlich gesetzten Hämatomen. Beitr Gerichtl Med 39:83–86
Vieira DN (1996) Application of ions, proteinase, inhibitors and PGF2a in the differential diagnosis between vital and post-mortem skin wounds. In: Oehmichen M, Kirchner H (eds) The wound healing process – forensic pathological aspects, vol 13, Research in legal medicine. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 83–105
Walcher K (1936) Die vitale Reaktion bei der Beurteilung des gewaltsamen Todes. Dtsch Z Ges Gerichtl Med 26:193–211
Weber MA, Risdon RA, Offiah AC, Malone M, Sebire NJ (2009) Rib fractures identified at post-mortem examination in sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI). Forensic Sci Int 189:75–81
Willems IEMG, Arends JW, Daemen MJAT (1996) Tenascin and fibronectin expression in healing human myocardial scars. J Pathol 179:321–325
Wyler D (1996) Determining the age and assessing the vitality of wounds by immunohistochemical detection of cell adhesion molecules. In: Oehmichen M, Kirchner H (eds) The wound healing process – forensic pathological aspects, vol 13, Research in legal medicine. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp 133–138
Yu TS, Cheng ZH, Li LQ, Zhao R, Fan YY, Du Y, Ma WX, Guan DW (2010) The cannabinoid receptor type 2 is time-dependently expressed during skeletal muscle wound healing in rats. Int J Leg Med 124:397–404
Zhao R, Guan DA, Zhang W, Du Y, Xiong CY, Zhu BL, Zhang JJ (2009) Increased expressions and activation of apoptosis-related factors in cell signaling during incised skin wound healing in mice: a preliminary study for forensic wound age estimation. Legal Medicine 11:S155–S160
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dettmeyer, R.B. (2011). Vitality, Injury Age, Determination of Skin Wound Age, and Fracture Age. In: Forensic Histopathology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20659-7_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20659-7_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-20658-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-20659-7
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)