Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR). Acute pain management: operative and medical procedures and trauma. Clinical practice guideline No.1. AHCPR Publication 1992 No. 92–0023, Appendix B. available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=hstat6.table.9286
Alderson P, Green S, Higgins J (2004) Cochrane Reviewers’ Handbook. Handbook 4.2.1. [updated December 2003]. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester
Google Scholar
Altman DG, Bland JM (1995) Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. BMJ 311 :485
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Bornhöft G, Maxion-Bergemann S, Wolf U, Kienle G, Michalsen A, Vollmar H, Gilbertson S, Matthiessen P (2006) Checklist for the qualitative evaluation of clinical studies with particular focus on external validity and model validity. BMC Med Res Methodol 6:56
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Bundesamt für Sozialversicherung der Schweiz (ed) (1996)Handbuch zur Standardisierung der medizinischen und wirtschaftlichen Bewertung medizinischer Leistungen, 3rd edn. Bern
Google Scholar
Cochrane Collaboration (2002) The Cochrane Collaboration open learning material. 13: Diversity and heterogeneity. Available at: http://www.cochrane-net.org/openlearning/HTML/mod13-4.htm
Crowley T, Low N, Turner A, Harvey I, Bidgood K, Horner P (2001) Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent post-abortal upper genital tract infection in women with bacterial vaginosis: randomized controlled trial. BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol 108:396–402
CrossRef
CAS
Google Scholar
De Flora S, Grassi C, Carati L (1997) Attenuation of influenza-like symptomatology and improvement of cell-mediated immunity with long-term N-acetylcysteine treatment. Eur Respir J 10:1535–1541
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Dickersin K (2003) The mammography debate: a crisis for evidence-based medicine? In: 4. Symposion Evidenzbasierte Medizin. 14–15 March, 2003,Freiburg i.Br.
Google Scholar
Editorial (2005) The end of homeopathy. Lancet 366:690; DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67149-8
Google Scholar
Ernst E (2004) Author’s reply. Wien Klin Wochenschr 11 6:408
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Fisher P, Berman B, Davidson J, Reilly D, Thompson T (2005) Are the clinical effects of homeopathy placebo effects? Lancet 366:2082–2083; DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67879-8
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Gill P, Dowell AC, Neal RD, Smith N, Heywood P, Wilson AE (1996) Evidence-based general practice: a retrospective study of interventions in one training practice. BMJ 312:819–821
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Godwin M, Ruhland L, Casson I, MacDonald S, Delva D, Birtwhistle R, Lam M, Seguin R (2003) Pragmatic controlled clinical trials in primary care: the struggle between external and internal validity. BMC Med Res Methodol 3:28. DOI:10.11 86/1471-2288-3-28
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Greenhalgh T (1997) Assessing the methodological quality of published papers. BMJ 315:305–308
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Habour R, Miller J (2001) A new system for grading recommendations in evidence based guidelines. BMJ 323:334–336
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Heusser P (2001) Kriterien zur Beurteilung des Nutzens von komplementärmedizinischen Methoden. Forschende Komplementärmedizin und Klassische Naturheilkunde 8:14–23
PubMed
CrossRef
CAS
Google Scholar
Higgins JPT, Thompson SG (2002) Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med 21:1539–1558
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Hogel J, Walach H, Gaus W (1994) Change-to-Open-Label Design. Proposal and discussion of a new design for clinical parallel-group double-masked trials. Arzneimittelforschung 44:97–99
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Horn J, de Haan RJ, Vermeulen M, Limburg M (2001) Very early nimodipine use in stroke (VENUS): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Stroke 32:461–465
PubMed
CrossRef
CAS
Google Scholar
Jacobs J, Jimenez LM, Malthouse S, Chapman E, Crothers D, Masuk M, Jonas WB (2000) Homeopathic treatment of acute childhood diarrhea: results from a clinical trial in Nepal. J Altern Complement Med 6:131–139
PubMed
CrossRef
CAS
Google Scholar
Jonas WB, Kaptchuk TJ, Linde K (2003) A critical overview of homeopathy. Ann Intern Med 138:393–399
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kaplan MA, Prior MJ, McKonly KI, DuPont HL, Temple AR, Nelson EB (1999) A multicenter randomized controlled trial of a liquid loperamide product versus placebo in the treatment of acute diarrhea in children. Clin Pediatr 38:579–591
CrossRef
CAS
Google Scholar
Khan KS, ter Riet G, Popay J, Nixon J, Kleijnen J (2001) STAGE II – Conducting the review. PHASE 5 – Study quality assessment. In: Khan KS, ter Riet G, Glanville J, Sowden AJ, Kleijnen J (eds) Undertaking systematic reviews of research on effectiveness. CRD Report Number 4 (2nd edn), York
Google Scholar
Kiene H (2001) Komplementäre Methodenlehre der klinischen Forschung. Cognition-based Medicine. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Google Scholar
Kienle G (1974) Arzneimittelsicherheit und Gesellschaft. Eine kritische Untersuchung. Schattauer, Stuttgart New York
Google Scholar
Kienle GS (2005) Gibt es Gründe für Pluralistische Evaluationsmodelle? Limitationen der Randomisierten Klinischen Studie. Z Arztl Fortbild Qualität Gesundheitswesen 99:289–294
Google Scholar
Kienle GS, Hamre HJ, Portalupi E, Kiene H (2004) Improving the quality of therapeutic reports of single cases and case series in oncology – criteria and checklist. Altern Therapies Health Med 10:68–72
Google Scholar
Kienle GS, Kiene H, Albonico HU (2006a) Anthroposophische Medizin in der klinischen Forschung. Schattauer, Stuttgart New York
Google Scholar
Kienle GS, Kiene H, Albonico HU (2006b) Anthroposophic medicine. Effectiveness, utility, costs, safety. Schattauer, Stuttgart New York
Google Scholar
Labrecque M, Audet D, Latulippe LG, Drouin J (1992) Homeopathic treatment of plantar warts. Can Med Assoc J 146:1749–1753
CAS
Google Scholar
Linde K, Clausius N, Ramirez G, Melchart D, Eitel F, Hedges LV, Jonas WB (1997) Are the clinical effects of homeopathy placebo effects? A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. Lancet 350:834–843
PubMed
CrossRef
CAS
Google Scholar
Linde K, Jonas W (2005) Are the clinical effects of homeopathy placebo effects? Lancet 366:2081–2082; DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67878-6
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Lüdtke R (ed) (2006) Homöopathie – Zum Stand der klinischen Forschung. Eine Stellungnahme der Karl und Veronica Carstens-Stiftung. KVC, Essen. available at: www.carstens-stiftung.de/wissen/hom/pdf/Stand_der_Forschung_Homeopathie_07MAR06.pdf
Matthiessen PF (2003) Der diagnostisch-therapeutische Prozess als Problem der Einzelfallforschung. In: Ostermann T, Matthiessen PF (eds) Einzelfallforschung in der Medizin. Bedeutung, Möglichkeiten, Grenzen. VAS, Frankfurt
Google Scholar
Matthiessen PF (2005) Die Therapieentscheidung des Arztes. Z Arztl Fortbild Qualität Gesundheitswesen 99:269–273
Google Scholar
Moher D, Cook DJ, Jadad AR, Tugwell P, Moher M, Jonas A, Pham B, Klassen TP (1999) Assessing the quality of reports of randomized trials: implications for the conduct of meta-analyses. Health Technol Assess 3:i–iv, 1–98
Google Scholar
Moller C, Berg IM, Berg T, Kjellman M, Stromberg L (1994) Nedocromil sodium 2% eye drops for twice-daily treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis: a Swedish multicentre placebo-controlled study in children allergic to birch pollen. Clin Exp Allergy 24:884–887
PubMed
CrossRef
CAS
Google Scholar
Nicholson KG, Aoki FY, Osterhaus AD, Trottier S, Carewicz O, Mercier CH, Rode A, Kinnersley N, Ward P (2000) Efficacy and safety of oseltamivir in treatment of acute influenza: a randomized controlled trial. Neuraminidase Inhibitor Flu Treatment Investigator Group. Lancet 355:1845–1850
PubMed
CrossRef
CAS
Google Scholar
Niroomand F (2004) Evidenzbasierte Medizin: das Individuum bleibt auf der Strecke. Dtsch Ärztebl 101:1870–1874
Google Scholar
Ollenschläger G, Helou A, Lorenz W (2000) Kritische Bewertung von Leitlinien. In: Kunz R, Ollenschläger G, Raspe HH (eds). Lehrbuch evidenzbasierte Medizin in Klinik und Praxis. Schriftenreihe Hans Neuffer Stiftung. Deutscher ÄrzteVerlag, Köln, pp 156–176
Google Scholar
Papp R, Schuback G, Beck E, Burkard G, Bengel J, Lehrl S, Belon P (1998) Oscillococcinum® in patients with influenza- like syndromes: a placebo-controlled double-blind evaluation. Br Homeopathic J 87:69–76
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Penston J (2005) Large-scale randomized trials – a misguided approach to clinical research. Med Hypotheses 64:651–657
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Raoult D (2005) Are the clinical effects of homeopathy placebo effects? Authors‘ reply. Lancet 366:2085–2086; DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67883-X
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Resch K (1998) Pragmatic randomized controlled trials for complex therapies. Forschende Komplementärmedizin. 5 [Suppl S1]:S 136–139
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Roland M, Torgerson DJ (1998) Understanding controlled trials: What are pragmatic trials? BMJ 316:285
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Rottey E, Verleye G, Liagre R (1995) Het effect van een homeopathische bereiding van micro-organismen bij de preventie van griepsymptomen: een gerandomiseered dubbel-blind onderzoek in de huisartspraktijk. Tijdschr Integrale Geneeskunde 11 :54–58
Google Scholar
Sackett D, Richardson W, Haynes R (1997) Evidence-based medicine. How to practice and teach EBM. Churchill Livingstone, New York Edinburgh London
Google Scholar
Sackett DL (1979) Bias in analytic research. J Chronic Dis 32:51–63
PubMed
CrossRef
CAS
Google Scholar
Schmidt JM, Ostermayr B (2002) Does a homeopathic ultramolecular dilution of Thyroidinum 30cH affect the rate of body weight reduction in fasting patients? A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial. Homeopathy 91:197–206
PubMed
CrossRef
CAS
Google Scholar
Shang A, Huwiler-Muntener K, Nartey L, Jüni P, Dörig S, Sterne JAC, Pewsner D, Egger M (2005a) Are the clinical effects of homeopathy placebo effects? Comparative study of placebo-controlled trials of homeopathy and allopathy. Lancet 366:726–732; DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67177-2
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Shang a, Jüni P, Sterne JAC, Huwiler-Müntener K, Egger M (2005b) Are the clinical effects of homeopathy placebo effects? Authors‘ reply. Lancet 366:2083–2085; DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67881-6
CrossRef
Google Scholar
SIGN 50 (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network). A guideline developer‘s handbook. Notes on the use of Methodology Checklist 2: Randomized Controlled Trials. available at: http://www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/50/notes2.html
Skandhan KP, Smith A, Avni A (2005) Are the clinical effects of homeopathy placebo effects? Authors’ reply. Lancet 366:2085; DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67882-8
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Vickers AJ, Fisher P, Smith C, Wyllie SE, Rees R (1998) Homeopathic Arnica 30x is ineffective for muscle soreness after long-distance running: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin J Pain 14:227–231
PubMed
CrossRef
CAS
Google Scholar
Walach H, Haeusler W, Lowes T, Mussbach D, Schamell U, Springer W, Stritzl G, Gaus W, Haag G (1997) Classical homeopathic treatment of chronic headaches. Cephalalgia 17:11 9–126; discussion: p 1 01
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Walach H, Jonas W, Lewith G (2005a) Are the clinical effects of homeopathy placebo effects? Lancet 366:2081; DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67877-4)
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Walach H, Sadaghiani C, Dehm C, Bierman DJ (2005b) The therapeutic effect of clinical trials: understanding placebo response rates in clinical trials – a secondary analysis. BMC Med Res Methodol 5:26
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Walach H (2001) Das Wirksamkeitsparadox in der Komplementärmedizin. Forschende Komplementärmedizin und Klassische Naturheilkunde 8:193–195
PubMed
CrossRef
CAS
Google Scholar
Wegscheider K (2005) Was sind faire Vergleiche zwischen Therapien? Zeitschrift für ärztliche Fortbildung und Qualität im Gesundheitswesen 99:275–278
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wein C (2002)Qualitätsaspekte klinischer Studien zur Homöopathie. KVC, Essen
Google Scholar
Weiser M, Clasen B (1994) Randomisierte plazebokontrollierte Doppelblindstudie zur Untersuchung der klinischen Wirksamkeit der homöopathischen Euphorbium compositum-Nasentropfen S bei chronischer Sinusitis. Forschende Komplementärmedizin 1:251–259
CrossRef
Google Scholar
White A, Slade P, Hunt C, Hart A, Ernst E (2003) Individualized homeopathy as an adjunct in the treatment of childhood asthma: a randomized placebo controlled trial. Thorax 58:317–321
PubMed
CrossRef
CAS
Google Scholar
World Medical Association (2001) Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Bull World Health Organization, 79:373–374. available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/bulletin/2001/issue4/79(4)declaration.pdf