Abstract
The development of an embryo is instructed by the vast information encoded in the genome. Transactions of information contained in the DNA direct the system-wide spatial and temporal changes of numbers and cell types that ultimately impart specific phenotypes to organs/tissues and body plans. The salient outcomes of the development of the lung are proper formation of airways and blood vessels. Optimal geometry and dimensions of these conduits allow efficient transport of the respiratory fluid media (air and blood) while granting large respiratory surface area, thin blood–gas (tissue) barrier, and large pulmonary capillary blood volume, foremost features that determine the diffusing capacity of the lung for O2. The extensive surface area is achieved by the process of branching morphogenesis (BM) (e.g., Bewig et al. 1997; Metzger et al. 2008; Affolter et al. 2009; Warburton et al. 2010; Yates et al. 2010; Morrisey and Hogan 2010). Saxena and Sariola (1987) termed it (BM) as “growth and branching of epithelial buds” where in sequence a preceding branch generates two daughter branches (Fig. 4.1), ultimately generating functional systems (airway, arterial, and venous) that closely pattern each other and intimately relate to optimize respiratory surface area and minimize diffusion distance (Fig. 4.2).
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Maina, J.N. (2011). Some Molecular Aspects in the Biology of Respiration. In: Bioengineering Aspects in the Design of Gas Exchangers. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20395-4_4
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