Skip to main content

Entwicklungsgerechtes Trotzen, persistierendes Trotzen und aggressives Verhalten

  • Chapter
Frühe Kindheit 0 – 3

Zusammenfassung

Der Trotz erwächst aus Spannungszuständen, die für ein Kind unerträglich sind, meistens nach Frustrationen. Für die weitere psychische Entwicklung ist es entscheidend, wie gut es dem Kleinkind gelingt, sich in diesen emotionalen Krisen nicht nur auf die Koregulation der Eltern zu verlassen, sondern sich zunehmend selbst zu regulieren, und – für die Eltern formuliert – wie gut es den Bezugspersonen gelingt, dem Kleinkind den Übergang von der dyadischen Regulation zur Selbstregulation seiner (manchmal auch heftigen und negativen) Emotionen zu ermöglichen. Wenn es dem Kleinkind und den Bezugspersonen »genügend gut« gelingt, sprechen wir von »normalem« Trotz und »normalen « Trotzanfällen in dieser Entwicklungsphase des zweiten und dritten Lebensjahres. Wenn das Trotzen exzessiv wird und vor allem persistiert, sind die Interaktionen und die Beziehungen zwischen Eltern und Kind belastet. Dies wird in 7 Abschn. 17.5 diskutiert. Kinder, die aggressives Verhalten zeigen und Regeln nicht einhalten können (was von den Eltern meistens als Ungehorsam empfunden wird), werden in 7 Abschn. 17.6 besprochen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Literatur

  • AACAP (2007) Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with oppositional defiant disorder.Journal American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 46(1):126–141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Achenbach TM (1992) Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/2–3 and 1992. Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT

    Google Scholar 

  • AmsterdamB(1972) Mirror self-image reactions before age two.Developmental Psychobiology 5(4):297–305

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beebe B, Jaffe J, Markese S et al. (2010) The origins of 12-month attachment: a microanalysis of 4-month mother-infant interaction. Attachment & Human Development 12(1–2):3–141

    Google Scholar 

  • BelskyJ , WoodworthS , CrnicK (1996) Trouble in the second year: three questions about family interactions.Child Development 67:556–578

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • BhatiaM , DharN , SinghalP , NigamV (1990) Temper tantrums: prevalence and etiology in a non-referral outpatient setting.Clinical Pediatrics 29:311–315

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bischof-KöhlerD(1989) Spiegelbild und Empathie. Hans Huber,Bern

    Google Scholar 

  • Bischof-KöhlerD(1994) Selbstobjektivierung und fremdbezogene Emotionen. Identifi kation des eigenen Spiegelbildes, Empathie und prosoziales Verhalten im 2. Lebensjahr.Zeitschrift für Psychologie 202:349–377

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bischof-KöhlerD(1998) Zusammenhänge zwischen kognitiver, motivationaler und emotionaler Entwicklung in der frühen Kindheit und im Vorschulalter. In: KellerH (Hrsg) Lehrbuch Entwicklungspsychologie. Hans Huber,Bern, S 325–377

    Google Scholar 

  • Bischof-KöhlerD(2001) Zusammenhang von Empathie und Selbsterkennen bei Kleinkindern. In:CierpkaM , BuchheimP (Hrsg) Psychodynamische Konzepte. Springer, Heidelberg, S 321–328

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • CalkinsSD(2002) Does aversive behavior during toddlerhood matter? The effects of diffi cult temperament on maternal perceptions and behavior.Infant Mental Health Journal 23:381–402

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CampbellSB(1995) Behavior problems in preschool children: a review of recent research.Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry 36:113–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ChamberlinR(1974) Management of preschool behavior problems.Pediatric Clinic of North America 21(1):33–47

    Google Scholar 

  • CierpkaM , CierpkaA (2000) Beratung von Familien mit zweibis dreijährigen Kindern.Praxis der Kinderpsychologie & Kinderpsychiatrie 49:563–579

    Google Scholar 

  • CrockenbergS , LeerkesE (2000) Infant social and emotional development in family context. In: ZeanahCHJ (Hrsg) Handbook of infant mental health, 2. Aufl. Guilford Press,New York

    Google Scholar 

  • DegnanKA , CalkinsSD , KeaneSP , Hill-SoderlundAL (2008) Profiles of disruptive behavior across early childhood: contributions of frustration reactivity, physiological regulation, and maternal behavior. Child Development 79(5):1357–1376

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dionne G, Tremblay R, Boivin M, Laplante D, Pérusse D (2003) Physical aggression and expressive vocabulary in 19-month-old twins. Developmental Psychology 39:261–273

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emde RN (1984) The affective self: Continuities and transformations form infancy. In: Galenson E, Tyson RL (Hrsg) Frontiers of infant psychiatry, Bd. 2. Basic Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Fegert JM (1996) Verhaltensdimensionen und Verhaltensprobleme bei zweieinhalbjährigen Kindern. Praxis der Kinderpsychologie & Kinderpsychiatrie 45:83–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Fonagy P, Target M (2004) Frühe Interaktion und die Entwicklung der Selbstregulation. In: Streeck-Fischer A (Hrsg) Adoleszenz-Bindung-Destruktivität. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart, S 105–135

    Google Scholar 

  • Fouts HN, Hewlett BS, Lamb ME (2005) Parent-off spring weaning conflicts among the Bofi farmers and foragers of Central Africa. Current Anthropology 46:29–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freud S (1905) Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie. Gesammelte Werke, Bd. 5. Fischer, Frankfurt, S 27–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Gergely G (1998) Margaret Mahlers Entwicklungstheorie im Licht der jüngsten empirischen Erforschung der kindlichen Entwicklung. In: Burian W (Hrsg) Der beobachtete und der rekonstruierte Säugling, Bd. 10. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, S 91–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Gergely G, Watson J (1996) The social biofeedback theory of parental affect-mirroring: the development of emotional self-awareness and self-control in infancy. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 77:1181–1212

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodenough F (1931) Anger in young children. University of Minnesota, Mineapolis, MN

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenhill LL, Posnerk K, Vaughan BS, Kratochvil CJ (2008) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in preschool children. Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 17(2):347–366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hembree-Kigin TL, McNeil CB, Eyberg S (1995) Parent-child interaction therapy. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Henggeler SW, Schoenwald SK, Borduin CM, Rowland MD, Cunningham PB (2009) Multisystemic therapy for antisocial behavior in children and adolescents, 2. Aufl. Guilford Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson A (2003) Families of the forest: the Matsigenka Indians of the Peruvian Amazon. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kagan J (1997) Temperament and the reactions to unfamiliarity. Child Development 68:139–143

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karp H, Spencer P (2004) The happiest toddler on the block: the new way to stop the daily battle of wills and raise a secure and well-behaved one- to four-year-old. Random House, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Kochanska G, Coy KC, Murray KT (2001) The development of self-regulation in the first four years of life. Child Development 72:1091–1111

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krause R (2002) Affekte und Gefühle aus psychoanalytischer Sicht. Psychotherapie im Dialog 2:120–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larsson B, Fossum S, Cliff ord G, Drugli MB, Handegård BH, Mørchm WT (2009) Treatment of oppositional defiant and conduct problems in young Norwegian children: results of a randomized controlled trial. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 18(1):42–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laucht M (2002) Störungen des Kleinkind- und Vorschulalters. In: Esser G (Hrsg) Lehrbuch der klinischen Psychologie und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 102–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Macfarlane JW, Allen L, Honzik MP (1954) A developmental study of the behavior problems of normal children between twenty-one months and fourteen years. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahler MS, Pine F, Bergman A (1975) The psychological birth of the human infant: symbiosis and individuation. Basic Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonough SC (1995) Promoting positive early parent-infant relationships through interaction guidance. Child & Adolescent Clinics of North America 4:661–672

    Google Scholar 

  • Metzger W (1972) Frühkindlicher Trotz. Karger, Basel Needlman R, Stevenson J, Zuckerman B (1991) Psychosocial correlates of severe temper tantrums. Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 12(2):77–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson SH, Bates JE, Sandy JM, Lanthier R (2000) Early development precursors of externalizing behavior in middle childhood and adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 28(2):119–133

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Österman K, Björkqvist K (2010) A cross-sectional study of onset, cessation, frequency, and duration of children’s temper in a nonclinical sample. Psychological Reports 106(2):448–454

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ounsted MK, Simons CD (1978) The first-born child: Toddlers’ problems. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 20(6):710–719

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Papoušek M, von Hofacker N (2004) Klammern, Trotzen, Toben – Störungen der emotionalen Verhaltensregulation des späten Säuglingsalters und Kleinkindalters. In: Papoušek M, Schieche M, Wurmser H (Hrsg) Regulationsstörungen der frühen Kindheit: Frühe Risiken und Hilfen im Entwicklungskontext der Eltern-Kind-Beziehungen. Hans Huber, Bern, S 201–232

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson GR (1982) Coercive family processes. Castalia, Eugene, OR

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedrina F (2010) Mütter mit Persönlichkeitsstörungen und ihre Kinder: frühe psychotherapeutische Interventionen. Paper presented at the 16. Wissenschaftliche Konferenz der VakJP, Frankfurt a. M.

    Google Scholar 

  • Potegal M, Davidson RJ (2003) Temper tantrums in young children: 1. Behavioral composition. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 24:140–147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Potegal M, Kosorok M, Davidson RJ (2003) Temper tantrums in young children: 2. Tantrum duration and temporal organization. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 24:148–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rautava P, Lehtonen L, Helenius H, Sillanpää M (1995) Infantile colic: child and family three years later. Pediatrics 96:43–47

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richman N, Stevenson J, Graham P (1982) Pre-school to school: a behavioral study. Academic Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Rockhill CM, Collett BR, McClellan JM, Speltz ML (2006) Oppositional defiant disorder. In: Luby JL (Hrsg) Preschool mental health: a guide for practitioners. Guilford Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothbart MK, Derryberry D, Posner MI (1994) A psychobiological approach to the development of temperament. In: Bates JE, Wachs TD (Hrsg) Temperament: individual differences at the interface of biology and behavior. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Schore AN (1994) Affect regulation and the origin of the self: the neurobiology of emotional development. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw DS, Gilliom M, Giovanelli J (2000) Aggressive behavior disorders. In: Zeanah CHJ (Hrsg) Handbook of infant mental health, 2. Aufl. Guilford Press, New York, S 397–411

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw DS, Owens EB, Giovanelli J, Winslow EB (2001) Infant and toddler pathways leading to early externalizing disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 40:36–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sonuga-Barke EJS, Thompson M, Abikoff H, Klein R, Brotman LM (2006) Nonpharmacological interventions for preschoolers with ADHD: the case for specialized parent training. Infants & Young Children 19(2):142–153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spangler G (1989) Toddlers’ everyday experiences as related to preceding mental and emotional disposition and their relationship to subsequent mental and motivational development: a short-term longitudinal study. International Journal of Behavioral Development 12(3):285–303

    Google Scholar 

  • Sroufe LA (1983) Infant-caregiver attachment and patterns of adaption in preschool: the roots of maladaption and competence. In: Perlmutter M (Hrsg) Minnesota Symposium in Child Psychology, Bd. 16. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, S 41–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Sroufe LA (1995) Emotional development: the organization of emotional life in the early years. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinhoff KW, Lerner M, Kapilinsky A, Kotkin R et al. (2006) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In: Luby JL (Hrsg) Handbook of preschool mental health. Guilford Press, New York, S 63–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern DN (1992) Die Lebenserfahrung des Säuglings. Klett Cotta, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas R, Zimmer-Gembeck MJ (2007) Behavioral outcomes of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy and Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: a review and meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 35(3):475–495

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tomm K, Suzuki K (1990) The Kan-No-Mushi: an inner externalization that enables compromise? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy 11:104–105

    Google Scholar 

  • Trad PV (1993) Short-term parent-infant psychotherapy. Basic Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Tremblay RE (1999) The search for the age of onset of physical aggression: Rousseau and Bandura revisited. Criminal Behavior & Mental Health 9:8–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tronick E (1989) Emotions and emotional communication in infants. American Psychologist 44:112–119

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf D (1990) Being of several minds: voices and version of the self in early childhood. In: Cicchetti D, Beeghley D (Hrsg) The self in transition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL

    Google Scholar 

  • Wurmser H, Papoušek M (2004) Zahlen und Fakten zu frühkindlichen Regulationsstörungen: Datenbasis aus der Münchner Spezialambulanz. In: Papoušek M, Schieche M, Wurmser H (Hrsg) Regulationsstörungen der frühen Kindheit. Hans Huber, Bern, S 49–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Wurmser H, Papoušek M, Hofacker N von, Leupold S, Santavicca G (2004) Langzeitrisiken persistierenden exzessiven Säuglingsschreiens. In: Papousek M, Schieche M, Wurmser H (Hrsg) Regulationsstörungen der frühen Kindheit. Hans Huber, Bern, S 311–338

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeijl J van, Mesman J, Ijzendoorn MH van, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Juff er F, Koot HM et al. (2006) Attachmentbased intervention for enhancing sensitive discipline in mothers of 1- to 3-year-old children at risk for externalizing behaviour problems: a randomized controlled trail. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 74(6):994–1005

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cierpka, M., Cierpka, A. (2012). Entwicklungsgerechtes Trotzen, persistierendes Trotzen und aggressives Verhalten. In: Cierpka, M. (eds) Frühe Kindheit 0 – 3. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20296-4_17

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics