Skip to main content

Introduction

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Risk, Governance and Society ((RISKGOSO,volume 17))

Abstract

General Morphological Analysis (GMA) was developed at the Swedish Defence Research Agency during the 1990s as a method for treating what have been termed wicked problems and social messes. This chapter gives a background to how and why GMA was developed and applied, first to post-Cold War defence planning and, subsequently, to social and organisation planning processes in general.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ackoff, R. L. (1974). Redesigning the future: A systems approach to societal problems. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horn, R. (2001). Knowledge Mapping for Complex Social Messes. A presentation to the “Foundations in the Knowledge Economy” at the David and Lucile Packard Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rittel, H. (1972). On the planning crisis: Systems analysis of the ‘first and second generations’. Bedrifts Økonomen., 8, 390–396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rittel, H., & Webber, M. (1973). Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sciences, 4, 155–159. Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwicky, F., & Wilson, A. (Eds.). (1967). New methods of thought and procedure: Contributions to the symposium on methodologies. Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tom Ritchey Ph.D .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ritchey, T. (2011). Introduction. In: Wicked Problems – Social Messes. Risk, Governance and Society, vol 17. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19653-9_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics