Abstract
This book focuses on two methods for simulating facies and lithotypes: truncated gaussian (Matheron et al. 1987) and plurigaussian simulations (Galli et al. 1994). The first method was developed in the late 1980s for simulating the lithotypes found in oil reservoirs because it makes much more sense to simulate the geometry and internal architecture of the reservoir first, then generate suitable values of porosity and permeability once the lithotype is known. These simulations were designed for reservoirs where the lithotypes occur in a sequential order; for example, when sandstone is followed by shaly sandstone then shale. Plurigaussian simulations are a natural extension of these. They were designed to produce a much wider range of patterns and to allow for more complicated types of contacts between facies.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aanonsen SI, Naevdal G, Oliver DS, Reynolds AC, Vallès B (2009) The Ensemble Kalman filter in reservoir engineering – review, SPE 117274. SPE J 14(3):393–412
Agbalaka CC, Oliver DS (2008) Application of the EnKF and localization to automatic history matching of facies distribution and production data. Math Geosci 40:353–374, 2008
Albertao GA, Grell AP, Badolato D, dos Santos LR (2005) 3D geological modeling in a turbidite system with complex stratigraphic-structural framework – an example from Campos Basin, Brazil. SPE 95612, presented at the 2005 SPE Annual technical conference & exhibition held in Dallas, Texas, 9–12 Oct, 2005
Babish G (2006) Geostatistics without tears: a practical guide to surface interpolation, Geostatistics, Variograms and Kriging. Environment Canada, Gatineau, Quebec, 117 pp
Bianco A, Cominelli A, Dovera L, Naevdal G, Vallès B (2007) History mathching and production forecasting uncertainty by means of the Ensemble Kalman Filter: a real field application. SPE paper 107161, presented at the EAGE/EUROPEC conference & exhibition, London, 11–14 June, doi: 10.2118/107161-MS
Carrasco P, Carrasco P, Le Loc'h G, Rojas R, Seguret S (2007) Application of the truncated gaussian simulation method to the MM deposit at Codelco Norte, Chile
Chen Y, Oliver DS (2010) Parametrization techniques to improve mass conservation and data assimilation for Ensemble Kalman Filter. SPE 133560, Presented at the SPE Western Regional Meeting held in Annaheim, 27–29 May, 2010
Cherubini C, Giasi CI, Musci F, Pastore N (2009a) Application of truncated plurigaussian method for the reactive transport modeling of a contaminated aquifer. In: Recent advances in water resources, hydraulics & hidrology – mathematics and computers in science and engineering. WSEAS Press. ISBN: 978-960-474-057-4 ISSN: 1790–2769. (ISI Book)
Cherubini C, Giasi CI, Musci F, Pastore N (2009b) Checking simulations of a geolithological model obtained by means of nested truncated bigaussian method. Int J Math Model Meth Appl Sci 3(2)
Da Veiga S, Le Ravalec M (2010) Rebuilding existing geological models. SPE 130976 presented at the SPE EUROPEC/EAGE annual conference & exhibition, held in Barcelona, Spain, 14–17 June 2010
de Galard J-H, Zoormand GH, Ghanizadeh M, Daltaban S Camus D (2005) A case study on redevelopment of a giant highly fractured carbonate reservoir in Iran based on integrated reservoir characterization and 3D modeling studies. SPE 93760 presented at the 14th SPE Middle East oil & gas show & conference, held in Bahrain, 12–15 Mar 2005
Deraisme J, Field M (2006) Geostatistical simulations of kimberlite orebodies: application to sampling optimisation. Proceedings of the 6th international mining geology conference, Darwin, NT, Australia, 21–23 Aug 2006, pp 193–203
Emery X, Gonzalez KE (2007a) Probabilistic modelling of mineralogical domains and its application to resources evaluation. J South African IMM 107(12):803–809
Emery X, Gonzalez KE (2007b) Incorporating the uncertainty in geological boundaries into mineral resources evaluation. J Geol Soc India 69(1):29–38
Emery X, Silva DA (2009) Conditional co-simulation of continuous and categorical variables for geostatistical applications. Comput Geosci 35:1234–1246
Evensen G, Hove J, Meisinger HC, Reiso E, Seim KS, Espelid O (2007) Using EnKF for assisted history matching of a North Sea reservoir model. SPE 106184, presented at the 2007 SPE Reservoir Simulation symposium, held in Woodlands, Texas, 26–28 Feb, 2007
Fontaine L, Beucher H (2006) Simulation of the Muyumkum uranium roll front deposit by using truncated plurigaussian method. In: Proceedings of the 6th international mining geology conference, Darwin, NT Australia, 21–23 Aug 2006
Galli A, Beucher H, Le Loc'h G, Doligez B (1994) The pros and cons of the truncated gaussian method. In: Armstrong M et al (eds) Geostatistical simulations. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 217–233
Gao G, Zafari M, Reynolds AC (2006) Quantifying uncertainties for the PUNQ-S3 problem in a Bayesian setting with RML and EnKF. SPE J 11(4):506–515, SPE-93324-PA, doi 10.2118/93324-PA
Gervais V, Roggero F, Le Ravalec M (2009) Adaptative local parametrization of facies proportions for the history matching of production and time lag saturation data. IFP Working Paper, 10 pp
Gu Y, Oliver DS (2005) History matching of the PUNQ-S3 reservoir model using the Ensemble Kalman Filter. SPE J 10(2):217–224, SPE-89942-PA, doi: 10.2118/89942-PA
Gu Y, Oliver DS (2007) An iterative Ensemble Kalman filter for multiphase fluid flow data assimilation, SPE 108438. SPE journal Dec 2007:438–446
Gunning J, Glinsky M, White C (2007) Delivery Massager: a tool for propagating seismic inversion information to reservoir models. Comput Geosci 33:630–648
Haugen V, Natvik L-J, Evensen G, Berg A, Flornes K, Naevdal G (2006) History matching using the Ensemble Kalman filter on a North Sea field case. SPE 102430, Presented at the 2006 SPE annual tecnical conference & exhibition, held in San Antonio, Texas, 24–27 Sept and published in the SPE J, Dec 2008, pp 382–391
Haugen V, Naevdal G, Natvik L-J, Evensen G, Berg AM, Flornes KM (2008) History matching using the Ensemble Kalman Filter on a North Sea field case. SPE J 13(4):382–391, SPE-102430-PA, doi: 10.2118/102430-PA
Hu L-Y (2000) Gradual deformation and iterative calibration of Gaussian-related stochastic models. Math Geol 32(1):87–108
Le Maux T, Fanta O, Sarda S, Godail L (2005) What is the impact of fracture modelling on reservoir performances & reservoir simulation: examples. SPE 97383, presented at the SPE Latin American & Caribbean petroleum engineering conference, held in Rio de janeiro, Brazil, 20–23 June 2005
Le Ravalec-Dupin M, Roggero F, Froidevaux R (2004) Conditioning truncated gaussians realizations to static & dynamic data, SPE 84944. SPE J 9(4):475–480
Liu N, Oliver DS (2003a) Conditional simulation of truncated random fields using gradient methods. Proceedings of IAMG annual meeting Portsmouth, UK
Liu N, Oliver DS (2003b) Automatic history matching of geologic facies. SPE 84594, presented at the SPE annual technical conference & exhibition, held in Denver, CO, 5–8 Oct 2003
Liu N, Oliver DS (2005a) Critical evaluation of the Ensemble Kalman Filter on history matching of geologic facies. SPE 92867 presented at the SPE 2005 Reservoir simulation symposium held in Houston Texas, 31 Jan–2 Feb 2005
Liu N, Oliver DS (2005b) Ensemble Kalman filter for automatic history matching of geologic facies. J Petrol Sci Eng 47:147–161
Lorentzen (2005)
Mariethoz G, Renard P, Jaquet O, Cornaton F (2006) High resolution stochastic modelling of aquifer, examples for a contaminant migration problem. 4th Swiss Geoscience Meeting, Bern
Mariethoz G, Renard P, Cornaton F, Jaquet O (2009) Truncated plurigaussian simulations of aquifer heterogeneity. Ground Water 47(1):13–24
Matheron G, Beucher H, de Fouquet C, Galli A, Guérillot D, Ravenne C (1987) Conditional simulation of the geometry of fluvio-deltaic reservoirs. SPE 1987 Annual technical conference and exhibition, Dallas, Texas, pp 591–599. SPE 16753
Mubarak SM, Ali AA, Pham TR, LeMaux T, Colomar FM (2009) Validation of fracture lineaments with dynamic well data, improves history matching of a dual porosity-permeability model. SPE 119643, presented at the 2009 SPE Middle East oil & gas show & conference, held in Bahrain, 15–18 Mar 2009
Naevdal G, Johnsen LM, Aanonsen SI, Vefring EH (2005) Reservoir monitoring and continuous model updating using Emsemble Kalman Filter. SPE J 10(1):66–74, SPE-84372-PA, doi: 10.2118/84372-PA
Pontiggia M, Ortenzi A, Ruvo L (2010) New integrated approach for diagensis characterization and simulation. SPE 127236, presented at the SPE North African technical conference & exhibition held in Cairo, Egypt, 14–17 Feb 2010
Rondon O (2009) A look at plurigaussian simulation for a nickel laterite deposit. Presented at the 7th international mining & geology conference, held in Perth, WA 17–19 Aug
Skjervheim J-A, Ruud BO, Aanonsen SI, Johansen TA (2007) Incorporating 4D seismic data in reservoir simulation model using Ensemble Kalman Filter. SPE J 12(3):282–292, SPE-95789-PA, doi: 10.2118/95789-PA
Skvortsova T, Armstrong M, Beucher H, Forkes J, Thwaites A, Turner R (2000) Applying plurigaussian simulations to a granite-hosted orebody. In: Kleingeld W, Krige DG (eds) Geostats 2000 Cape Town. Proceedings of the 6th international Geostatistics Congress, held in Cape Town 10–14 April 2000, pp 904–911
Skvortsova T, Armstrong M, Beucher H, Forkes J, Thwaites A, Turner R (2002) Simulating the geometry of a granite-hosted uranium orebody. In: Armstrong M et al (eds) Geostatistics Rio 2000. Kluwer, Dordrechts, Holland, pp 85–100
Thomas P, Le Ravale-Dupin M, Roggero F (2006) History matching reservoir models simulated from the plurigaussian method. SPE 94168, presented at the SPE Europe/ EAGE annual conference held in Madrid, Spain 13–16 June 2005
Xu C, Dowd PA (2008) Plurigaussian simulation of rock fractures. In: Ortiz JM, Emery X (eds) Proceedings of the Eighth international geostatistics congress. vol 1, pp 41–50 pub. Gecamin, Santiago, ISBN 978-956-8504-17-5
Xu C, Dowd PA, Mardi K, Fowler R (2006) A flexible true plurigaussian code for spatial facies simulations. Comput Geosci 32:1629–1645
Zhao Y, Reynolds AC, Li G (2008) Generating facies maps by assimilating production data and seismic data with the Ensemble Kalman filter. SPE 113990 presented at 2008 SPE/DOE improved oil recovery symposium held in Tulsa, Oklahoma, 19–23 April, 2008
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Armstrong, M. et al. (2011). Introduction. In: Plurigaussian Simulations in Geosciences. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19607-2_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19607-2_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-19606-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-19607-2
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)