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Endospore-forming Soil Bacteria pp 1–29Cite as

Developments in the Taxonomy of Aerobic, Endospore-forming Bacteria

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Part of the book series: Soil Biology ((SOILBIOL,volume 27))

Abstract

Bacillus holds an important place in the history of bacteriology. With observations upon Bacillus subtilis and its spores Cohn discredited the theory of spontaneous generation, and with his demonstration of the life history of B. anthracis in 1876 Robert Koch proved the germ theory of disease and founded medical bacteriology. Later, Bacillus became defined as a genus of aerobic, endospore-forming bacteria, but this phenotypic definition has been weakened since the 1990s, because phylogenetic approaches to bacterial classification led to proposals of strictly anaerobic and non-sporulating Bacillus species. Some 120 Bacillus species were described after 1990, 16 further genera have been established to accommodate species previously assigned to Bacillus, and 38 proposals made for other new genera of aerobic endospore-formers. Most aerobic endospore-formers are saprophytes widely distributed in the natural environment, but some species are opportunistic or obligate pathogens. The main habitats are soils of all kinds, ranging from acid to alkaline, hot to cold, and fertile to desert, and the water columns and bottom deposits of fresh and marine waters. However, their spores readily survive distribution in soils, dusts and aerosols from these natural environments to a wide variety of other habitats, and sources of new taxa include foods, dairies, plants and animals, clinical and veterinary conditions, high-altitude air, hot springs, hydrothermal vents, soda lakes, historical mural paintings, industrial plants, oil wells and space craft. Many of these new taxa were based on the study of just one or two isolates, so that lack of knowledge of between-strain variation of species and genera can lead to difficulties in identification, and further isolations may result in emendations of descriptions, and taxonomic and nomenclatural changes. This chapter brings the reader up-to-date with an outline of the taxonomic developments and current approaches to identification, so setting the context for the chapters that follow.

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  1. Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow, G4 0BA, UK

    Niall A. Logan & Gillian Halket

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  1. Dept. Biological & Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road 70, Glasgow, G4 0BA, United Kingdom

    Niall A. Logan

  2. Lab. Microbiology, University of Gent, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Gent, 9000, Belgium

    Paul Vos

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Logan, N.A., Halket, G. (2011). Developments in the Taxonomy of Aerobic, Endospore-forming Bacteria. In: Logan, N., Vos, P. (eds) Endospore-forming Soil Bacteria. Soil Biology, vol 27. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19577-8_1

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