Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Radiologic Evaluation of Non-Idiopathic Early Onset Spine Deformities

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Non-Idiopathic Spine Deformities in Young Children

  • 1191 Accesses

Abstract

Whatever the cause or presentation of scoliosis, radiologic evaluation remains one of the landmarks of management. Syndromes commonly associated with scoliosis should be kept in mind and appropriately screened. Maturity markers evaluated radiographically are important for curve progression but may be confounded by specific features of underlying disorders. The initial evaluation of a child with a suspected spinal deformity should consist of postero-anterior and lateral radiograph of the entire spine taken using an appropriate technique. Several measurements are performed on x-rays and they include the Cobb angle, the rib-vertebral angle difference of Mehta, and the spinal penetration index. CT provides detailed view of the deformity, which makes it particularly useful in congenital scoliosis and also allows a good evaluation of the thoracic cavity, distortion of which often accompanies scoliosis. Lastly, MRI is useful in the evaluation of the neural axis and allows the physician to determine whether neurosurgical intervention is required.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Barnes, P., Brody, J., Jaramillo, D., Akbar, J., Emans, J.: Atypical idiopathic scoliosis: MR imaging evaluation. Radiology 186, 247–253 (1993)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basu, P., Elsebaie, H., Nordeen, M.: Congenital spinal deformity. Spine 27(20), 2255–2259 (2002)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • BrAIST: Bracing in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis trial. Clinical trials.gov identifier NCT00448448 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bute, F.L.: Scoliosis treated by the wedging jacket: selection of the area to be fused. J. Bone Joint Surg. 20, 1–22 (1938)

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, R., Smith, M., Mayes, T., Mangos, J., Willey-Courand, D., Kose, N., Pinero, R., Alder, R., Duong, H., Surber, J.: The characteristics of thoracic insufficiency syndrome associated with fused ribs and congenital scoliosis. J. Bone Joint Surg. 85A, 399–408 (2003a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, R., Smith, M., Mayes, T., Mangos, J., Kose, N., Pinero, R., Alder, M., Duong, H., Surber, J.: The characteristics of thoracic insufficiency syndrome associated with fused ribs and congenital scoliosis. J. Bone Joint Surg. 85A, 399–408 (2003b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Carman, D., Browne, R., Birch, J.: Measurement of scoliosis and kyphosis radiographs, interobserver and interobserver variations. J. Bone Joint Surg. 72A, 328–333 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  • Charles, Y., Daures, J., de Rosa, V., Dimeglio, A.: Progression risk of idiopathic juvenile sclosiosis during pubertal growth. Spine 31, 1933–1942 (2006)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Charry, O., Koop, S., Winter, R., Lonstein, J., Denis, F., Bailey, W.: Syringomyelia and scoliosis: a review of twenty five pediatric patients. J. Pediatr. Orthop. 14, 309–317 (1994)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung, K., Luk, K.: Prediction of correction of scoliosis use of fulcrum bending radiograph. J. Bone Joint Surg. 79A, 1144–1150 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cobb, J.R.: Outline for the study of scoliosis. Instr. Course Lect. 5, 261–275 (1948)

    Google Scholar 

  • Desmet, A., Goin, J., Asher, M.: A clinical study of the difference between the scoliotic angles measured on the posteroanterior and anteroposterior radiographs. J. Bone Joint Surg. 64A, 489–493 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dimeglio, A.: Growth of pediatric orthopaedics. J. Pediatr. Orthop. 21, 549.55 (2001)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dimeglio, A., Charles, Y., Daures, J., de Rosa, V., Kaboré, B.: Accuracy of the Sauvegrain method in determining skeletal age during puberty. J. Bone Joint Surg. 87A, 1689–1696 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dobbs, M., Lenke, L., Szymanski, D., Morcuende, J., Weinstein, S., Bridwell, K., Sponseller, P.: Prevalence of neural axis abnormalities in patients with infantile idiopathic scoliosis. J. Bone Joint Surg. 84A, 2230–2234 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubousset, J., Herring, J., Shufflebarger, H.: The crankshaft phenomenon. J. Pediatr. Orthop. 9, 541–550 (1989)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dubousset, J., Wicart, P., Pomero, V., Barois, A., Estournet, B.: Spinal penetration index: new three-dimensional quantified reference for lordoscoliosis and other spinal deformities. J. Orthop. Sci. 8, 41–49 (2003)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, S., Edgar, M., Hall-Craggs, M., Powell, M., Taylor, B., Noorden, H.: MRI of “idiopathic” juvenile scoliosis. J. Bone Joint Surg. 78B, 314–317 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  • Facanha-Filho, F.M., Winter, R., Lonstein, J., Koop, S., Novacheck, T., L’Heureux, E., Cheryl, N.: Measurement accuracy in congenital scoliosis. J. Bone Joint Surg. 83A, 42–45 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • Geyers B., Lemerrer Y – Le thorax scoliotique: les contraintes horizontal – la scoliose 20 ans de recherche et d’experimentation. Monpellier GKTS Sauramps Medical (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  • Golstein, L.A.: The surgical management of scoliosis. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 35, 95–115 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, P., Lenke, L., Bridwell, K.: Incidence of neural axis abnormalities in infantile and juvenile spinal deformities. Spine 23(2), 206–210 (1998)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamzaoglu, A., Talu, U., Tezer, M., Mirzanl, C., Domanic, U., Goksan, S.: Assessment of curve flexibility in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 30(14), 1637–1642 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harrington, P.R.: Technical details in relation to the successful use of instrumentation in scoliosis. Orthop. Clin. North Am. 3, 49–67 (1972)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hefti, F., McMaster, M.: The effect of the adolescent growth on early posterior spinal fusion in infantile and juvenile idiopathic scoliosis. J. Bone Joint Surg. 65A, 247–254 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  • Inoue, M., Minami, S., Nakatama, Y., Otsuka, Y., Takaso, M., Kitahara, H., Tokunaga, M., Isobe, K., Moriya, H.: Preoperative MRI analysis of patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 30(1), 108–114 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Isumi, Y.: The accuracy of Risser staging. Spine 20, 1868–1870 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, H., Moe, J., Bradford, D., Winter, R.: Selection of fusion levels in thoracic idiopathic scoliosis. J. Bone Joint Surg. 65A, 1302–1313 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewonowski, K., King, J., Nelson, M.: Routine use of magnetic resonance imaging in idiopathic scoliosis patients less than eleven years of age. Spine 17(6 Suppl), 109–116 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loder, R., Urquhart, A., Graziano, S., Hensinger, R., Schlesinger, A., Schork, M., Shyr, Y.: Variability in Cobb angle measurement in children with congenital scoliosis. J. Bone Joint Surg. 77B, 736–738 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  • Loder, R., Spiegel, D., Gutknetch, S., Kleist, K., Ly, T., Mehbod, A.: The Assessment of interobserver and intraobserver error in the measurement of noncongenital scoliosis in children ≤ 10 years of age. Spine 29(22), 2548–2553 (2004)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luk, K., Don, A., Chong, C., Wong, Y., Cheung, K.: Selection of fusion levels in fulcrum in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using fulcrum bending prediction. Spine 33(20), 2192–2198 (2008)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moe, J.H.: Methods of correction and surgical technique in scoliosis. Orthop. Clin. North Am. 3, 17–48 (1972)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morcuende, J., Dolan, L., Vasquez, J., Jirasiraku, A., Weinstein, S.: A prognostic model for the presence of neurologic lesions in atypical idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 29(1), 51–58 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morrissy, R., Goldsmith, G., Hall, E.: Measurement of Cobb angle on radiographs of patients who have scoliosis: intrinsic error. J. Bone Joint Surg. 72A, 320–327 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakajima, A., Kawakami, N., Imajana, S., Tsuji, T., et al.: Three dimensional analysis of formation failure in congenital scoliosis. Spine 32(5), 562–567 (2007)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newton, P., Hahn, G., Fricka, K., Wenger, D.: Utility of three dimensional and multiplanar reformatted computed tomography for evaluation of pediatric spine abnormalities. Spine 27(8), 844–850 (2002)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nordeen, M., Taylor, Edgar B – Syringomyelia: a potential risk factor in scoliosis surgery. Spine 19(12), 1406–1409 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, J., Gleason, P., Madson, J.: Presentation and management of Chiari I malformation in children. Pediatr. Neurosurg. 26, 190–196 (1997)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberto, R., Lonstein, J., Winter, R., Denis, F.: Curve progression in Risser stage 0 or 1 patients after posterior spinal fusion for idiopathic scoliosis. J. Pediatr. Orthop. 17, 718–725 (1997)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, J., Herring, J., Browne, R.: Posterior arthrodesis and instrumentation in immature (Risser grade 0) spine in idiopathic scoliosis. J. Bone Joint Surg. 77A, 39–45 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, J., Little, D., Richards, B.: Prediction of the crankshaft phenomenon by peak height velocity. Spine 22, 1352–1357 (1997)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, J., Browne, R., Connell, S., Margraf, S., Cooney, T., Finegold, D.: Maturity assessment and curve progression in girls with idiopathic scoliosis. J. Bone Joint Surg. 89A, 64–73 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, D., Thompson, C., Gunny, R., Jones, R., Cox, T., Chong, W.: Magnetic resonance imaging protocols for paediatric neuroradiology. Pediatr. Radiol. 37, 789–797 (2007)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sauvegrain, J., Nahum, H., Bronstein, H.: Etude de la maturation osseuse du coude. Ann Radiol (Paris) 5, 542–550 (1962)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shufflebarger, H., Clark, C.: Prevention of the crankshaft phenomenon. Spine 16(8 Suppl), S409–S411 (1991)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shufflebarger, H.: Comparison of erect vs. supine bending radiographs for correction of coronal and axial deformity in idiopathic scoliosis. In: Proceeding of the 1st International Symposium on 3-D Scoliotic Deformities, Gustav Verlag, Stuttgart, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  • Stagnara, P.: Les deformations du rachis. Masson, Paris (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stagnara, P., De Mauroy, J., Dran, G., Gonon, G., Costanzo, G., Dimmet, J., Pasquet, A.: Reciprocal angulation of vertebral bodies in a saggital plane: an approach to references for the evaluation of kyhosis and lordosis. Spine 7, 335–342 (1982)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanner, J.M.: Assessment of Skeletal Maturity and Prediction of Adult Height. TW3 Method, 3rd edn. Stanford University, London (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  • Transfeld, E.E., Winter, R.B.: Comparison of supine and standing bending films in idiopathic scoliosis to determine curve flexibility. In: Scoliosis Research Society, 26th annual meeting Proceedings. Kansas, 23–26 Sept 1992

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan, J., Winter, R., Lonstein, J.: Comparison of the use of supine bending and traction radiographs in the selection of the fusion area in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 21(21), 2469–2473 (1996)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winter, R., Moe, J., Eilers, V.: Congenital scoliosis: a study of 234 treated and untreated. J. Bone Joint Surg. 50A, 1–47 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Winter, R., Lonstein, J.E., Leonard, A.: Congenital Deformities of the Spine, pp. 1–17. Thieme-Stratton, New York (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ylikoski, M., Tallroth, K.: Measurement variation in scoliotic angle, vertebral rotation, vertebral body height and intervertebral disc space height. J. Spinal Disord. 3, 387–391 (1990)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hospital CUF Descobertas, Rua Mario Botas-parque das Nacoes, 1998-018, Lisbon, Portugal

    Jorge Mineiro

Authors
  1. Jorge Mineiro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jorge Mineiro .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Orthopedics & Traumatology, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, 06100, Turkey

    Muharrem Yazici

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mineiro, J. (2011). Radiologic Evaluation of Non-Idiopathic Early Onset Spine Deformities. In: Yazici, M. (eds) Non-Idiopathic Spine Deformities in Young Children. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19417-7_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19417-7_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-19416-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-19417-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation