Abstract
The Swedish Ash Programme is an applied R&D programme aimed at demonstrating uses for combustion residues (ash) and providing an improved understanding of these residues for the purpose of resolving regulatory questions. Fuels are biomass, wastes, peat – any solid fuel but coal. The progress in the Ash Programme since its inception in 2002 is reviewed. The hierarchy for biomass ash is recycling to forest soils as compensation for the removal of mineral nutrients first, and use in civil works second. Assessment of the environmental impact in view of permitting procedures for civil works and ecotoxicity are particularly addressed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The Web site of the Ash Programme will soon be incorporated into that of Värmeforsk (http://www.varmeforsk.se), but visitors will be redirected to the Värmeforsk Web site.
- 2.
There are other types with special designs, e.g. cyclone furnaces, but they are not common.
References
Bendz D, Wik O, Elert M, Håkansson K (2006) Environmental guidelines for reuse of ash in civil engineering applications – phase 2 (in Swedish). Report no. 979. Swedish Thermal Engineering Research Institute, Stockholm. Available via http://www.varmeforsk.se
Bendz D, Wik O, Jones C, Pettersson M, Elert M (2009) Environmental guidelines for reuse of ash in civil engineering applications – including criteria for Sb and As (in Swedish). Report no. 1110. Swedish Thermal Engineering Research Institute, Stockholm.. Available via http://www.varmeforsk.se
Bjurström H, Herbert R (2009) The Swedish Ash Programme 2002–2008, Biomass, wastes, peat – any solid fuel but coal. Report no. 1111. Swedish Thermal Engineering Research Institute, Stockholm.. Available via http://www.varmeforsk.se
Bjurström H, Herbert R, Ribbing C, Tham G (2009) Using ash in a sustainable society – Swedish R&D programme 2002–2008. In: Proceedings of Sardinia 2009, 12th International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, Cagliari
Bougnom BP, Knapp BA, Etoa FX, Elhottová D, Němcová A, Insam H (2010) Designer composts for ameliorating acid tropical soils: effects on the soil microbiota. Appl Soil Ecol 45:319–324
Carling M, Ländell M, Håkansson K, Myrhede E (2006) Covering of landfills with ash and sludge – experience from field tests (in Swedish). Report no. 948. Swedish Thermal Engineering Research Institute, Stockholm. Available via http://www.varmeforsk.se
Egnell G, Nohrstedts H-Ö, Weslien J, Westling O, Örlander G (1998) Environmental impact assessment of harvesting logging residues, spreading ash and other nutrient compensation (in Swedish). Report no. 1 1988. Swedish Forest Agency, Jönköping. Available via http://www.skogsstyrelsen.se
Emilsson S (2006) International handbook – from extraction of forest fuels to ash recycling. Swedish Forest Agency, Jönköping. Available via http://www.skogsstyrelsen.se
Greger M, Neuschütz C, Isaksson K-E (2006) Sealing layer of fly ash and sewage sludge and vegetation establishment in treatment of mine tailings impoundment (in Swedish). Report no. 959. Swedish Thermal Engineering Research Institute, Stockholm. Available via http://www.varmeforsk.se
Greger M, Neuschütz C, Isaksson K-E (2009) Influence of vegetation and sewage sludge on sealing layers of fly ash in post-treatment of mine tailings impoundment (in Swedish). Report no. 1098. Swedish Thermal Engineering Research Institute, Stockholm. Available via http://www.varmeforsk.se
Haglund N, Expert Group (2008) Guideline for classification of ash from solid biofuels and peat utilised for recycling and fertilizing in forestry and agriculture. Nordtest technical report no. 613. Nordic Innovation Centre, Oslo. Available via http://www.nordicinnovation.net
Hånell B, Magnusson T (2005) An evaluation of land suitability for forest fertilization with biofuel ash on organic soils in Sweden. For Ecol Manage 209:43–55
Kuba T, Tschöll A, Partl C, Meyer K, Insam H (2008) Wood ash admixture to organic wastes improves compost and its performance. Agric Ecosyst Environ 127:43–49
Lahtinen P (2001) Fly ash mixtures as flexible structural materials for low-volume roads. Report no. 70/2001. Finnish Road Administration, Helsinki. http://alk.tiehallinto.fi/kirjasto/ejulk_2.htm#2001
Mácsik J, Svedberg B (2006) Gravel road stabilization of Ehnsjövägen Hallstavik (in Swedish). Report no 968. Swedish Thermal Engineering Research Institute, Stockholm. Available via www.varmeforsk.se
Mácsik J, Maurice C, Mossakowska A, Eklund C, Erlandsson Å (2005) Pilot study with fly ash stabilised sewage sludge as hydraulic barrier layer (in Swedish). Report no. 942. Swedish Thermal Engineering Research Institute, Stockholm. Available via http://www.varmeforsk.se
Mácsik J, Erlandsson Å, Wexell B-Å (2009) Fly ash and green liquor as binder in gravel road stabilization – pilot study at Iggesund (in Swedish). Report no. 1101. Swedish Thermal Engineering Research Institute, Stockholm. Available via http://www.varmeforsk.se
Sikström U, Ernfors M, Jacobsson S, Klemedtsson L, Nilsson M, Ring E (2006) Addition of ash on drained forested peatlands in southern Sweden – effects on forest production, fluxes of greenhouse gases and water chemistry (in Swedish). Report no. 974. Swedish Thermal Engineering Research Institute, Stockholm. Available via http://www.varmeforsk.se
Sikström U, Jacobsson S, Johansson U, Kokkola M, Saarsalmi A, Holt-Hansen K (2009a) Long-term growth responses of ash addition and liming – preliminary results from a pilot study (in Swedish). Report no. 1107. Swedish Thermal Engineering Research Institute, Stockholm. Available via http://www.varmeforsk.se
Sikström U, Björk RB, Ring E, Ernfors M, Jacobsson S, Nilsson M, Klemedtsson L (2009b) Addition of ash on drained forested peatlands in southern Sweden – effects on forest production, fluxes of greenhouse gases, peat properties, understorey vegetation and groundwater chemistry (in Swedish). Report no. 1109. Swedish Thermal Engineering Research Institute, Stockholm. Available via http://www.varmeforsk.se
Sjöblom R (2007) Basis for choosing a reference substance for zinc when classifying a waste according the waste ordinance (in Swedish). Report no. F2007:01. Swedish Waste Management Association, Malmö. Available via http://www.avfallsverige.se
Steenari B-M, Norén K (2008) Speciation of zinc in ash investigated by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (in Swedish). Report no. 1063. Swedish Thermal Engineering Research Institute, Stockholm. Available via http://www.varmeforsk.se
Stiernström S, Hemström K, Wik O, Carlsson G, Breitholz M (2009) Methodology for classification of the H14 criterion according to the directive 2008/98/EC on waste (in Swedish). Report no. 1092. Swedish Thermal Engineering Research Institute, Stockholm. Available via http://www.varmeforsk.se
Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (2010) Reusing waste in civil works (in Swedish). Handbook 2010:1. Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm. Available via http://www.naturvardsverket.se
Swedish Forest Agency (2002) Recommendations for the extraction of forest fuel and compensation fertilizing. Communication no. 3·2002. Swedish Forest Agency, Jönköping. Available via http://www.skogsstyrelsen.se
Swedish Forest Agency (2008) Recommendations for the extraction of logging residues and ash recycling (in Swedish). Communication no. 2·2008. Swedish Forest Agency, Jönköping. Available via http://www.skogsstyrelsen.se
Tham G, Andreas L (2008) Results from full-scale application of ashes and other residuals in the final cover of the Tveta landfill (in Swedish). Report no. 1064. Swedish Thermal Engineering Research Institute, Stockholm. Available via http://www.varmeforsk.se
Thelin G (2006) Recycling ash to beech and spruce stands – effects on nutrition, growth, nitrogen dynamics and carbon balance (in Swedish). Report no. 965. Swedish Thermal Engineering Research Institute, Stockholm. Available via http://www.varmeforsk.se
Thelin G (2009) Bio energy production in birch and hybrid aspen after addition of residue based fertilizers – establishment of fertilization trials (in Swedish). Report no. 1094. Swedish Thermal Engineering Research Institute, Stockholm. Available via http://www.varmeforsk.se
Wik O (2009) Regional risk assessment of reuse of ash in civil engineering applications (in Swedish). Report no. 1113. Swedish Thermal Engineering Research Institute, Stockholm. Available via http://www.varmeforsk.se
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ribbing, C.M., Bjurström, H.G. (2011). The Swedish Ash Programme with Focus on Bioashes: Ashes Are a Resource in a Sustainable Society. In: Insam, H., Knapp, B. (eds) Recycling of Biomass Ashes. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19354-5_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19354-5_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-19353-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-19354-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)