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Suspended-Load Transport

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Fluvial Hydrodynamics

Part of the book series: GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences ((GEPS))

Abstract

The mode of sediment transport where the sediment particles are surrounded by the fluid over an appreciably long period of time is known as suspended-load transport. This chapter introduces basic concepts of sediment suspension and formulations to predict the suspended-load transport rate. The introduction of advection–diffusion model made a considerable progress in deriving the distribution of sediment concentration in sediment-laden flows. Diffusion in turbulent flow results in exchange of momentum and suspended sediment particles between layers of the flow. When the terminal fall velocity of sediment is slow enough, the sediment particles go in suspension. The suspended-load transport rate is readily computed from the known vertical distributions of sediment concentration and flow velocity. Also, based on the energy concept, gravitational theory was developed to determine the distribution of suspended sediment particles. The work done per unit time of a unit volume of fluid and suspended sediment mixture is to transfer from a layer to another layer of the flow. The conservation of energy is preserved separately in the fluid and sediment phases by balancing the energy supplied and the energy dissipated. The effects of suspended load on velocity distribution, von Kármán constant, turbulence characteristics are also discussed in details. Further, the findings on the response of turbulent bursting to sediment suspension are detailed. The computation of suspended-load transport is exemplified through worked out problems.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Technically, convection means a transport governed by diffusion together with advection. Diffusion results in mixing or mass transport mechanism of a substance without requiring bulk motion, while advection is the transport by a fluid due to the bulk motion of fluid.

  2. 2.

    The iterative method is as follows:

    Step 1: To initiate the computation, calculate C| i=0 and \( {\bar{u}}|_{i = 0} \) from the Rouse equation (Eq. 6.27) and the logarithmic law (Eq. 4.27), respectively.

    Step 2: The values of C| i=0 and \( {\bar{u}}|_{i = 0} \) obtained in Step 1 are used in Eqs. (6.88) and (6.91) with stratification effects, as given by Eq. (6.87) that is introduced to Eqs. (6.88) and (6.91).

    Step 3: Continue the iterations for C| i=i and \( {\bar{u}}|_{i = i} \), until the solutions for C and \( \bar{u} \) converge to a minimum error (say 0.1 %).

  3. 3.

    For Lane and Kalinske’s method, they did not clearly define the reference level and its corresponding concentration. It is therefore suggested that one can consider reference level at 0.05 times the flow depth. However, the concentration at that level may be assumed as 10−3, for solving this problem. Essentially, in practice, these two parameters are to be obtained from the measured concentration distributions.

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    Subhasish Dey

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Dey, S. (2014). Suspended-Load Transport. In: Fluvial Hydrodynamics. GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19062-9_6

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