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Phylogeny of NPY-Family Peptides and Their Receptors

  • Chapter
Neuropeptide Y and Related Peptides

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 162))

Abstract

All vertebrates investigated to date possess the related peptides neuropeptide Y and peptide YY. Additional duplicates of peptide YY have arisen in several lineages, for instance pancreatic polypeptide in tetrapods. The peptides bind to the Y family of G-protein coupled receptors which expanded dramatically before the radiation of jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes). First, an ancestral Y receptor gene generated a cluster consisting of the progenitors of Y1, Y2 and Y5. Today these are only about 30% identical to each other. Subsequently, this chromosomal region (or the entire chromosome) was quadrupled whereupon differential gene losses in different classes of vertebrates ensued. Three Y1-like genes sharing about 50% identity exist in mammals, chicken, and a shark, namely Y1 Y4 and Y6. Teleost fishes seem to have lost Y1 and Y6 but have retained Y4 (initially called Ya) and what probably is the fourth Y1-like gene named Yb. The Y5 gene is present in tetrapods as well as sharks, but not in zebrafish or pufferfish, and no duplicates of Y5seem to have survived. The Y2 gene is present in all major vertebrate lineages. A duplicate of Y2 called Y7 has been found in amphibians, bony fishes and a shark, consistent with duplication before the origin of gnathostomes, but this gene has been lost in mammals. The evolutionary rates differ greatly between the various subtypes as well as for some specific subtypes across vertebrate classes. For instance, Y4 has evolved more slowly in shark than in mammals. The degree of sequence conservation suggests that Y1, Y2 and Y5 are all subjected to strong conservative selection pressures. Future comparative studies may be able to unravel how Y2 and Y1– Y5 came to exert opposite effects on feeding in mammals.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Box 593, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden

    D. Larhammar, R. Fredriksson, E. T. Larson & E. Salaneck

  2. Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 134 Mugar Hall, Boston, MA, 02115, USA

    E. T. Larson

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  1. D. Larhammar
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  1. Afd. Farmacologie & Farmacotherapie, Academisch Medisch Centrum, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Martin C. Michel

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Larhammar, D., Fredriksson, R., Larson, E.T., Salaneck, E. (2004). Phylogeny of NPY-Family Peptides and Their Receptors. In: Michel, M.C. (eds) Neuropeptide Y and Related Peptides. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 162. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18764-3_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18764-3_4

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