Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Weibliche Altersveränderungen — Menopause

  • Chapter
Molekularmedizinische Grundlagen von altersspezifischen Erkrankungen

Part of the book series: Molekulare Medizin ((MOLMED))

  • 185 Accesses

Zusammenfassung

So genannte Sexualhormone — vor allem Östrogene, Progesteron und Androgene — haben eine essenzielle Funktion für die reproduktive Gesundheit einschließlich der Fortpflanzungsfähigkeit. Sie sind auch für die normale Funktion zahlreicher weiterer Organsysteme von Bedeutung. Ihre Sekretion vermindert sich bei der Mehrheit gesunder Frauen stetig bereits ab dem 3. Lebensjahrzehnt. Dieser Prozess geht fakultativ mit individuell unterschiedlich ausgeprägten und empfundenen Beschwerden und Funktionseinschränkungen einher, der sich nicht nur auf die Symptome der primären Zielorgane von Sexualhormonen beschränkt. Die permanente Einstellung der an den Ovarialzyklus gebundenen ovariellen Östradiolproduktion bei zunächst erhaltener Androgensynthese bedeutet die Beendigung der natürlichen Reproduktionsfähigkeit und betrifft mittelbar auch andere Organe und Funktionen. Dieser ausnahmslose, fast vollständige funktionelle Ausfall eines seit der Kindheit endokrin aktiven Organs bei in aller Regel als gesund anzusehenden Frauen hat kein Korrelat beim männlichen Geschlecht. Sichtbarer Ausdruck dieser Umstellung ist das permanente Ausbleiben der Menstruation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  • Ahonen P, Myllärniemi S, Sipilä I, Perkeentupa J (1990) Clinical variation of autoimmune polyendocrinopathycandidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) in a series of 68 patients. N Engl J Med 322:1829–1836

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aittomaki K, Herva R, Stenman UH, Juntunen K, Ylostalo P, Hovatta O, Chapelle de la A (1996) Clinical features of primary ovarian failure caused by a point mutation in the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene. J Clin Endocr Metab 81:3722–3726

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alper MM, Garner PR (1985) Premature ovarian failure: its relationship to autoimmune disease. Obstet Gynecol 66:27–30

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anasti JN (1998) Premature ovarian failure: an update. Fertil Steril 70:1–15

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beau I, Touraine P, Meduri G, Gougeon A, Desroches A, Matuchansky C, Milgrom E, et al (1998) A novel phenotype related to partial loss of function mutations of the follicle stimulating hormone receptor. J Clin Invest 102:1352–1359

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belsey EM, Pinol APY (1997) Task force on long-acting systemic agents for fertility regulation. Menstrual bleeding patterns in untreated women. Contraception 55:57–62

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bines J, Oleske DM, Cobleigh MA (1996) Ovarian function in premenopausal women treated with adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 14:1718–1729

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bione S, Sala C, Manzini C, Arrigo G, Zuffardi O, Banfi S, Borsani G, et al (1998) A human homologue of the Drosophila melanogaster diaphanous gene is disrupted in a patient with premature ovarian failure: evidence for conserved function in oogenesis and implications for sterility. Am J Hum Genet 62:533–541

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boczkowski K (1970) Pure gonadal dysgenesis and ovarian dysplasia in sisters. Am J Obstet Gynecol 106:626–628

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Broekmans FJ, Scheffer GJ, Bancsi LF, Dorland M, Blankenstein MAS, Velde te ER (1998) Ovarian reserve tests in infertility practice and normal fertile women. Maturitas 30:205–214

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buckler HM, Evans CA, Mamtora H, Burger HG, Andersen DC (1991) Gonadotropin, steroid, and inhibin levels in women with incipient ovarian failure during anovulatory and ovulatory rebound cycles. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 72:116–124

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burger HG (1996) The endocrinology of the menopause. Maturitas 23:129–136

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burger HG, Dudley EC, Hopper JL, Shelley JM, Green A, Smith A, Dennerstein L, et al (1995) The endocrinology of the menopausal transition; a cross-sectional study of a population-based sample. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:3537–3545

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casper RJ, Yen SSC, Wilkes MM (1979) Menopausal flushes: a neuroendocrine link with pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion. Science 205:823–825

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casper RJ, Yen SSC (1985) Neuroendocrinology of menopausal flushes: an hypothesis of fluid mechanism. Clin Endocrinol 22:293–312

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collett ME, Wertenberger GE, Fiske VM (1954) The effect of age upon the pattern of the menstrual cycle. Fertil Steril 5:437–448

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coulam CB, Adamson SC, Annegers JF (1986) Incidence of premature ovarian failure. Obstet Gynecol 67:604–606

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cramer DW, Barbieri RL, Xu H, Reichardt JK (1994) Determinants of basal follicle-stimulating hormone levels in premenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79: 1105–1109

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crisponi L, Deiana M, Loi A, Chiappe F, Uda M, Amati P, Bisceglia L, et al (2001) The putative forkhead transcription factor FOXL2 is mutated in blepharophimosis/ptosis/ epicanthus inversus syndrome. Nature Genet 27:159–166

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Danforth DR, Arbogast LK, Mroueh J, Kim MH, Kennard EA, Seifer DB, Friedman CI (1998) Dimeric inhibin: a direct marker of ovarian aging. Fertil Steril 70:119–123

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Derksen JG, Brölmann HA, Wiegerinck MA, Vader HL, Heintz AP (1998) The effect of hysterectomy and endometrial ablation on follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels up to 1 year after surgery. Maturitas 29:133–138

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deutsche Menopause Gesellschaft (2000) Hormonsubstitution in Klimakterium und Postmenopause. Stellungnahme der Deutschen Menopause Gesellschaft. www.meno-pause-gesellschaft.de

  • Dören M (1998) Hormonsubstitution in Klimakterium und Postmenopause — Vorschläge zur individualisierten Therapie, 2. Aufl. Thieme, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Duba HC, Weirich HG, Weirich-Schwaiger H, Utermann B, Nachbaur D, Sölder E, Utermann G (1997) Chromosomal instability in a woman with infertility and two affected brothers: a new familial chromosomal breakage syndrome? Hum Genet 100:431–440

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eichenlaub-Ritter U (1998) Genetics of oocyte ageing. Maturitas 30:143–169

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faddy MJ, Gosden RG, Gougeon A, Richardson SJ, Nelson JF (1992) Accelerated disappearance of ovarian follicles in mid-life: implications for forecasting menopause. Hum Reprod 7:1342–1346

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freedman RR (1998) Biochemical, metabolic, and vascular mechanisms in menopausal hot flashes. Fertil Steril 70:332–337

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman CI, Danforth DR, Herbosa-Encarnacion FC, Arbogast L, Alak BM, Seifer DB (1997) Follicular fluid vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations are elevated in women of advanced reproductive age undergoing ovulation induction. Fertil Steril 68:607–612

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gambone J, Meldrum DR, Laufer L, Chang RJ, Lu JKH, Judd HL (1984) Further delineation of hypothalamic dysfunction responsible for menopausal hot flashes. J Clin Endocrinol 59:1097–1102

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gavaler JS, Thiel van DH (1992) The association between moderate alcoholic beverage consumption and serum estradiol and testosterone in normal postmenopausal women: relationship to the literature. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 16:87–92

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Golbus MS, Loughman WD, Epstein CJ, Halbasch G, Stephens JD, Hall BD (1979) Prenatal genetic diagnosis in 3000 amniocentesis. N Engl J Med 300:157–163

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldsmith O, Solomon DH, Horton R (1967) Hypogonadism and mineralocorticoid excess: the 17a-hydroxylase deficiency syndrome. New Engl J Med 277:673–677

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gosden RG, Faddy MJ (1994) Ovarian ageing, follicular depletion, and steroidogenesis. Exp Gerontol 29:265–274

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gougeon A, Echochard R, Thalabard JC (1994) Age-related changes of the population of human ovarian follicles: increase in the disappearance rat of non-growing and early-growing follicles in aging women. Biol Reprod 50:653–663

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gromoll J, Pekel E, Nieschlag E (1996) The structure and organization of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) gene. Genomics 35:308–311

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall JE, Lavoie HB, Marsh EE, Martin KA (2000) Decrease in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse frequency with aging in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:1794–1800

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson EW, Rose MR (1991) Quantitative genetics of postponed aging in Drosophila melanogaster. Analysis of outbred populations. Genetics 127:719–727

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang M, Aittomaki K, Nilsson C, Pakarinen P, Iitia A, Torresani T, Simonsen H, et al (1998) The frequency of an inactivating point mutation (566C-T) of the human folliclestimulating hormone receptor gene in four populations using allele-specific hybridization and time-resolved fluorometry. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 83:4338–4343

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiroutek MR, Chen M-H, Johnston CC, Longcope C (1998) Changes in reproductive hormones and sex hormonebinding globulin in a group of postmenopausal women measured over 10 years. Menopause 5:90–94

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones MH, Furlong RA, Burkin H, Chalmers IJ, Brown GM, Khwaja O, Affara NA (1996) The Drosophila developmental gene fat facets has a human homologue in Xp11.4 which escapes X-inactivation and has related sequences on Yp11.2. Hum Mol Genet 5:1695–1701

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joseph A, Thomas IM (1982) Cytogenetic investigations in 150 cases with complaints of sterility or primary amenorrhea. Hum Genet 61:105–109

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman FR, Donneil GN, Roe TF, Kogut MD (1986) Gonadal function in patients with galactosaemia. J Inherit Metab Dis 9:140–146

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keefe DL, Niven-Fairchild T, Powell S, Buradagunta S (1995) Mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid deletions in oocytes and reproductive aging women. Fertil Steril 64:577–583

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim TJ, Anastasi JN, Flack MR, Kimzey LM, Defensor RA, Nelson LM (1997) Routine endocrine screening for patients with karyotypically normal spontaneous premature ovarian failure. Obstet Gynecol 89:777–779

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kitagawa T, Suganuma N, Nawa A, Kikkawa F, Tanaka M, Ozawa T, Tomoda Y (1993) Rapid accumulation of deleted mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid in postmenopausal ovaries. Biol Reprod 49:730–736

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein NA, Illingworth PJ, Groome NP, McNeilly AS, Battaglia AS, Soules MR (1996) Decreased inhibin B secretion is associated with the monotropic FSH rise in older, ovulatory women: study of serum and follicular fluid levels of dimeric inhibin A and B in spontaneous menstrual cycles. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:2742–2745

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kremer H, Marinam E, Otten BJ, Moll GW, Stoelinga GBA, Wit JM, Jansen M, et al (1993) Cosegregation of missense mutations of the luteinizing hormone receptor gene with familial male-limited precocious puberty. Hum Mol Genet 2:1779–1783

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kronenberg F (1990) Hot flashes: epidemiology and physiology. Ann NY Acad Sci 592:52–86

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kronenberg F (1999) Hot flashes. In: Lobo RA (ed) Treatment of the postmenopausal woman: basic and clinical aspects. Lippincott Williams&Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 157–177

    Google Scholar 

  • LaBarbera AR, Miller MM, Ober C, Rebar RW (1988) Autoimmune etiology in premature ovarian failure. Am J Reprod Immunol Microbiol 16:115–122

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Latronico AC, Anasti J, Arnhold IJP, Rapaport R, Mendonca BB, Bloise W, Castro M, et al (1996) Testicular and ovarian resistance to luteinizing hormone caused by inactivating mutations of the luteinizing hormone receptor gene. N Engl J Med 344:507–512

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lenton EA, Landgren B, Sexton L, Harper R (1984) Normal variation in the length of the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle: effect of chronological age. Br J Obstet Gynecol 91:681–684

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Licciardi FL, Liu HC, Rosenwaks Z (1995) Day 3 estradiol serum concentrations as prognosticators of ovarian stimulation response and pregnancy outcome in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 64:991–994

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lock M (1993) Encounters with aging: mythologies of menopause in Japan and North America. University of California Press, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • Longcope C (1999) The endocrinology of the menopause. In: Lobo RA (ed) Treatment of the postmenopausal women. Basic and clinical aspects. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 35–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Longcope C, Franz C, Morello C, Baker RS, Johnston CC (1986) Steroid and gonadotropin levels in women during the perimenopausal years. Maturitas 8:189–196

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luoh SW, Bain PA, Polakiewicz RD, Goodheart ML, Gardner H, Jaenisch R, Page DC (1997) Zfx mutation results in small animal size and reduced germ cell number in male and female mice. Development 124:2275–2284

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Makhlouf Obermeyer C (2000) Menopause across cultures. A review of the evidence. Menopause 7:184–192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mallolas J, Duran M, Sánchez A, Jiménez D, Castellví-Bel S, Rifé M, Milé M (2001) Implications of the FMRl gene in menopause: study of 147 Spanish women. Menopause 8:106–110

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marchini C, Lonigro R, Verdello L, Pellizari L, Bergonzi P, Damante G (2000) Correlations between individual clinical manifestations and CTG repeat amplification in myotonic dystrophy. Clin Genet 57:74–82

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marozzi A, Manfredini E, Tibiletti MG, Furian D, Villa N, Vegetti W, Crosignani PG, et al (2000) Molecular definition of Xq common-deleted region in patients affected by premature ovarian failure. Hum Genet 107:304–311

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mastrogiacomo I, Pagani E, Novelli G, Angelini C, Gennari M, Menegazzo E, Bonanni G, et al (1994) Male hypogonadism in myotonic dystrophy is related to (CTG)n triplet mutation. J Endocrinol Invest 17:381–383

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGee EA, Hsueh AJ (2000) Initial and cyclic recruitment of ovarian follicles. Endocr Rev 21:200–214

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKinlay SM, Brambilla DJ, Posner JG (1992) The normal menopause transition. Maturitas 14:103–115

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meldrum DR, Davidson BJ, Tataryn IV, Judd HL (1981) Changes in circulating steroids with aging in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 3:167–172

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyers CM, Boughman JA, Rivas M, Wilroy RS, Simpson JL (1996) Gonadal (ovarian) dysgenesis in 46,XX individuals: frequency of the autosomal recessive form. Am J Med Genet 63:518–524

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Midro AT, Panasiuk B, Radwan J, Sipowicz I, Jaworowska B, Korsak E (1990) Sex chromosome aberrations in patients with menstruation disorders. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Re-prod 19:811–816

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Molnar GW (1975) Body temperature during menopausal hot flashes. J Appl Physiol 38:499–503

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray A, Webb J, Grimley S, Conway G, Jacobs P (1999) Studies of FRAXA and FRAXE in women with premature ovarian failure. J Med Genet 35:637–640

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagamine K, Peterson P, Scott HS, Kudoh J, Minoshima S, Heino M, Krohn KJ, et al (1997) Positional cloning of the APECED gene. Nature Genet 17:393–398

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noord van PA, Dubas JS, Dorland M, Boersma H, Velde te E (1997) Age at natural menopause in a population-based screening cohort: the role of menarche, fecundity, and lifestyle factors. Fertil Steril 68:95–102

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor KA, Holman DJ, Wood JW (1998) Declining fecundity and ovarian ageing in natural fertility populations. Maturitas 30:127–136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogata T, Matsuo N (1995) Turner syndrome and female sex chromosome aberrations: deduction of the principal factors involved in the development of clinical features. Hum Genet 95:607–629

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oktay K, Karlikaya G (1999) Ovarian function after transplantation of frozen, banked autologous ovarian tissue. N Engl J Med 343:1919

    Google Scholar 

  • Oldenhave A, Jaszmann LJB, Haspels AA, Everaerd WT (1993) Impact of climacteric on well-being. Am J Obstet Gynecol 168:772–780

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Overlie I, Moen MH, Morkrid L, et al(1999) The endocrine transition around menopause—a five year prospective study with profiles of gonadotropins, estrogens, androgens and SHBG among healthy women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 78:642–647

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearce J, Hawton K, Blake F (1995) Psychological and sexual symptoms associated with the menopause and the effects of hormone replacement therapy. Br J Psychol 167:163–173

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perez GI, Robles R, Knudson CM, Flaws JA, Korsmeyer SJ, Tilly JL (1999) Prolongation of ovarian lifespan into advanced chronological age by Bax-deficiency. Nat Genet 21:200–203

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perls TT, Terry DF, Silver M, et al (2000) Centenarians and the genetics of longevity. In: Hekimi S (ed) The molecular genetics of aging. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Powell CM, Taggart RT, Drumheller TC, Wangsa D, Qian C, Nelson LM, White BJ (1994) Molecular and cytogenetic studies of an X-autosome translocation in a patient with premature ovarian failure and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet 52:19–26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prior JC (1998) Perimenopause: the complex endocrinology of the menopausal transition. Endocr Rev 19:397–428

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prueitt RL, Ross JL, Zinn AR (2000) Physical mapping of nine Xq translocation breakpoints and identification of XPNPEP2 as a premature ovarian failure candidate gene. Cytogenet Cell Genet 89:44–50

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rannevik G, Jeppson S, Johnell O, Bjerre B, Laurell-Borulf Y, Svanberg L (1995) A longitudinal study of the perimenopause transition: altered profiles of steroid and pituitary hormones, SHBG and bone mineral density. Maturitas 21:103–113

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rebar RW (1999) Premature ovarian failure. In: Lobo RA (ed) Treatment of the postmenopausal woman: basic and clinical aspects. Lippincott Williams&Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 13–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Rebar RW, Connelly HV (1990) Clinical feature of young women with hypergonadotropic amenorrhea. Fertil Steril 53:804–810

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson SJ, Senikas V, Nelson JF (1987) Follicular depletion during the menopausal transition — evidence for accelerated loss and ultimate exhaustion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 65:1231–1237

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richters JMA (1997) Menopause in different cultures. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 18:73–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Santoro N, Brown JR, Adel T, Skurnick JH (1996) Characterization of reproductive hormonal dynamics in the perimenopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:1495–1501

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott RT, Toner JP, Muasher SJ, Oehninger S, Robinson S, Rosenwaks Z (1989) Follicle-stimulating hormone levels on cycle day 3 are predictive of in vitro fertilization outcome. Fertil Steril 51:651–654

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sherman SL (2000) Premature ovarian failure in the fragile X syndrome. Am J Med Genet 97:189–194

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sherman BM, West JH, Korenman SG (1976) The menopausal transition: analysis of LH, FSH, estradiol and progesterone concentrations during menstrual cycles of older women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 42:629–636

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siddle N, Sarrel P, Whitehead M (1987) The effect of hysterectomy on the age at ovarian failure: identification of a subgroup of women with premature loss of ovarian function and literature review. Fertil Steril 47:94–100

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson JL, Rajkovic A (1999) Ovarian differentiation and gonadal failure. Am J Med Genet 89:186–200

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skibstedt L, Westh H, Niebuhr E (1984) X long arm deletions: a review of non-mosaic cases studied with banding techniques. Hum Genet 67:1–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smotrich DB, Widra EA, Gindoff PR, Levy MJ, Hall JL, Stillman RJ (1995) Prognostic value of day 3 estradiol on in vitro fertilization outcome. Fertil Steril 64:136–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Soules MR, Battaglia DE, Klein NA (1998) Inhibin and reproductive aging in women. Maturitas 30:193–204

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stanford JL, Hartge P, Brinton LA, Hoover RN, Brookmeyer R (1987) Factors influencing the age at natural menopause. J Chronic Dis 40:995–1002

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tapainanen JS, Aittomaki K, Min J, Vaskivuo T, Huhtaniemi IT (1997) Men heterozygous for an inactivating mutation of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor gene present variable suppression of spermatogenesis and fertility. Nature Genet 15:205–206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tataryn IV, Meldrum DR, Lu KH, Frumar, Judd HL (1979) LH, FSH, and skin temperature during menopausal hot flush. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 49:152–154

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toledo SP, Brunner HG, Kraaij R, Post M, Dahia PL, Hayashida CY, Kremer H, et al (1996) An inactivating mutation of the luteinizing hormone receptor in a 46,XX female. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 81:3850–3854

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tonkelaar den I, Veldete ER, Looman CWN (1998) Menstrual cycle length preceding menopause in relation to age at menopause. Maturitas 29:115–123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torgerson DJ, Avenell A, Russell IT, Reid DM (1994) Factors associated with onset of menopause in women aged 45-49. Maturitas 19:83

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torgerson DJ, Thomas RE, Reid DM (1997) Mothers and daughters menopausal age: is there a link? Eur J Obstet Gyn 74:63–66

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Treloar AE (1981) Menstrual cyclicity and the premenopause. Maturitas 3:249–264

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Treloar AE, Boynton RE, Behn BF, Brown BW (1967) Variation of the human menstrual cycle through reproductive life. Int J Fertil 12:77–126

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tulandi T, Lal S (1985) Menopausal hot flush. Obstet Gynecol Surv 40:553–563

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Velde te ER (1998) Ovarian ageing and postponement of childbearing. Maturitas 30:103–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Velde te ER, Scheffer GJ, Dorland M, Broekmans FJ, Fauser BC (1998) Development and endocrine aspects of normal ovarian aging. Mol Cell Endocrinol 145:67–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vollman RF (1977) The menstrual cycle. In: Friedman ES (ed) Major problems in obstetrics and gynecology, vol 7. Saunders, Toronto

    Google Scholar 

  • Welt CK, McNicholl DJ, Taylor AE, Hall JE (1999) Female reproductive aging is marked by decreased secretion of dimeric inhibin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:105–111

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wieacker P (2001) Genetische Aspekte der Ovarialinsuffizienz. Med Genetik 13:3–9

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (1996) Research on the menopause in the 1990’s. A report of the WHO scientific group, vol 886. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Yanase T, Sanders D, Shibata A, Matsui N, Simpson ER, Waterman MR (1990) Combined 17a-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency due to a7-basepair duplication in the N-terminal region of the cytochrome P450cl7 (CYP17) gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70:1325–1329

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zonneveld van P, Scheffer GJ, Broekmans FJM, Velde te ER (2001) Hormones and reproductive aging. Maturitas 38:83–94

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Martina Dören
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Peter F. Wieacker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13122, Berlin-Buch, Germany

    Detlev Ganten  & Klaus Ruckpaul  & 

  2. Instituto Universitario de Investigación Gerontológica, Diego de León 62, E-28006, Madrid, Germany

    Antonio Ruiz-Torres

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dören, M., Wieacker, P.F. (2004). Weibliche Altersveränderungen — Menopause. In: Ganten, D., Ruckpaul, K., Ruiz-Torres, A. (eds) Molekularmedizinische Grundlagen von altersspezifischen Erkrankungen. Molekulare Medizin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18741-4_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18741-4_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-62272-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-18741-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation