Zusammenfassung
Protozoen, die zur großen Gruppe der Parasiten gehören, sind eukaryotische Organismen mit einem einzigen Nukleus, deren Zellmasse sehr unterschiedlich ist. Resistente Zysten können auch ungünstige Verhältnisse lange Zeit überleben. Der pathogene Effekt, der meist durch Ingestion aufgenommenen Erreger hängt sehr von deren Virulenz ab. Während diese einerseits den Organismus nur unbedeutend schädigen, können sie aber andererseits auch schwerverlaufende Erkrankungen hervorgerufen. Eine Anpassung an den Wirt ist möglich, jedoch kann es bei Störungen der Immunabwehr zu hoch akuten, nicht selten tödlich verlaufenden Erkrankungen kommen.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literatur
Burbach G et al. (1999) Leishmaniosen. Grundlagen, Klinik, Diagnostik und Therapie. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 124:88–93 DTG: Diagnostik und Therapie der viszeralen Leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar). http://www.uni-duesseldorf.de/WWW/AWMF/ll/trop004.htm, November 2000
Herwaldt BL (1999) Miltefosine — the long-awaited therapy for visceral leishmaniasis? N Engl J Med 341:1840–1842
Jha TK et al. (1999) Miltefosine, an oral agent, for the treatment of Indian visceral leishmaniasis. N Engl J Med 341:1795–1800
Pizzuto M et al. (2001) Role of PCR in diagnosis and prognosis of visceral leishmaniasis in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Clin Microbiol 39:357–361
TDR (1999) Public/private partnership: developing an oral treatment for visceral leishmaniasis. TDR News 60:1–2
Thisyakorn U et al. (1999) Visceral leishmaniasis: the first indigenous case report in Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93:23–24
Ayed Z et al. (1997) Detection and characterization of autoantibodies directed against neurofilament proteins in human African trypanosomiasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57:1–6
Borst P et al. (1997) Mechanisms of antigenic variation in African trypanosomes. Behring Inst Mitt 99:1–15
Buguet A et al. (1993) Sleep-wake cycle in human African trypanosomiasis. J Clin Neurophysiol 10:190–196
Damian MS et al. (1994) Polyneuritis und Myositis bei Trypanosoma-gambiense-lnfektion. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 119:1690–1693
Donelson JE et al. (1998) Multiple mechanisms of immune evasion by African trypanosomes. Mol Biochem Parasitol 91:51–66
Dumas M et al. (1997) Actualité des trypanosomoses. Méd Trop 57 (Suppl 3):65–69
Ekwanzala M et al. (1996) In the heart of darkness: sleeping sickness in Zaire. Lancet 348:1427–1430
Gouteux JP et al. (1993) Man-fly contact in the Gambian trypanosomiasis focus of Nola-Bilolo (Central African Republic). Trop Med Parasitol 44:213–218
Hamon JF et al. (1995) Trypanosomiase: détermination de groupes de patients à partir de données cliniques et électroencéphalographiques. Neurophysiol Clin 25:196–202
Hertz CJ et al. (1998) Resistance to the African trypanosomes is IFN-gamma dependent. J Immunol 161:6775–6783
Hove D van (1997) Sleeping sickness in Zaire. Lancet 349:438
Meda HA et al. (1995) Human immunodeficiency virus infection and human African trypanosomiasis: a case-control study in Côte d’Ivoire. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89:639–643
Mhlanga JD et al. (1997) Neurobiology of cerebral malaria and African sleeping sickness. Brain Res Bull 44:579–589
Miezan TW et al. (1994) Evaluation des techniques parasitologiques utilisées dans le diagnostic de la trypanosomose humaine à trypanosoma gambiense en Côte-d’lvoire. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 87:101–104
Odiit M et al. (1997) Duration of symptoms and case fatality of sleeping sickness caused by trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in Tororo, Uganda. East Afr Med J 74:792–795
Pepin J et al. (1995) Riskfactors for encephalopathy and mortality during melarsoprol treatment of trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89:92–97
Smith DH et al. (1997) Human African trypanosomiasis in south-eastern Uganda: clinical diversity and isoenzyme profiles. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 91:851–856
Smith DH et al. (1998) Human African trypanosomiasis: an emerging public health crisis. Br Med Bull 54:341–355
Sternberg JM (1998) Immunobiology of African trypanosomiasis. Chem Immunol 70:186–199
Stevens JR et al. (1992) A simplified method for identifying subspecies and strain groups in Trypanozoon by isoenzymes. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 86:9–28
Truc P et al. (1994) A comparison of parasitological methods for the diagnosis of gambian trypanosomiasis in an area of low endemicity in Côte d’Ivoire. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88:419–421
Truc P et al. (1998) Parasitological diagnosis of human African trypanosomiasis: a comparison of the QBC and miniature anion-exchange centrifugation techniques. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92:288–289
Vaidya T et al. (1997) The gene for a T lymphocyte triggering factor from African trypanosomes. J Exp Med 186:433–438
WHO (1998) Report on a meeting of the product development team for African trypanosomiasis chemotherapy to review the comparative study of 14-day vs. 7-day treatment of late stage T. b. gambiense African trypanosomiasis with eflornithine. WHO, Geneva, 14 July 1998
WHO (1998) Control and suveillance of African trypanosomiasis. Technical Report Series 881. WHO, Geneva
Bellotti G et al. (1996) In vivo detection of trypanosoma cruzi antigens in hearts of patients with chronic Chagas’ heart disease. Am Heart J 131:301–307
Bestetti RB et al. (1996) Predictors of sudden cardiac death for patients with Chagas’ disease: a hospital-derived cohort study. Cardiology 87:481–487
Bestetti RB (1997) Heart transplantation as a treatment for patients with end-stage Chagas’ heart disease. Circulation 96:2744–2745
Brabin L (1993) trypanosoma cruzi infection in women. Parasitol Today 9:198–199
Britto C et al. (1995) Polymerase chain reaction detection of trypanosoma cruzi in human blood samples as a tool for diagnosis and treatment evaluation. Parasitology 110:241–247
Carrasco HA et al. (1994) Prognostic implications of clinical, electrocardiographic and hemodynamic findings in chronic Chagas’ disease. Int J Cardiol 43:27–38
Carriazo CS et al. (1998) Polymerase chain reaction procedure to detect trypanosoma cruzi in blood samples from chronic chagasic patients. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 30:183–186
Corral RS et al. (1996) Detection and characterization of antigens in urine of patients with acute, congenital, and chronic Chagas’ disease. J Clin Microbiol 34:1957–1962
de Andrade A et al. (1996) Randomised trial of efficacy of benznidazole in treatment of early trypanosoma cruzi infection. Lancet 348:1407–1413
de Andrade AL et al. (1998) Early electrocardiographic abnormalities in trypanosoma cruzi-seropositive children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59:530–4
Ferreira MS et al. (1997) Reactivation of Chagas’ disease in patients with AIDS: report of three new cases and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 25:1397–400
Frank M et al. (1997) Prevalence and epidemiological significance of trypanosoma cruzi infection among Latin American immigrants in Berlin, Germany. Infection 25:355–358
Galvao LM et al. (1993) Lytic antibody titre as a means of assessing cure after treatment of Chagas’ disease: a 10 years follow-up study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87:220–223
Hagar JM et al. (1991) Chagas’ heart disease in the United States. N Engl J Med 325:763–768
Hoft DF et al. (2000) Involvement of CD4+ Th1 cells in systemic immunity protective against primary and secondary challenges with trypanosoma cruzi. Infect Immun 68:197–204
Jones EM et al. (1993) Amplification of a trypanosoma cruzi DNA sequence from inflammatory lesions in human chagasic cardiomyopathy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 48:348–357
Kierszenbaum F (1999) Chagas’ disease and the autoimmunity hypothesis. Clin Microbiol Rev 12:210–23
Kirchhoff LV et al. (1996a) Comparison of PCR and microscopic methods for detecting trypanosoma cruzi. J Clin Microbiol 34:1171–1175
Kirchhoff LV (1996b) American trypanosomiasis: (Chagas’ disease). Gastroenterol Clin North Am 25:517–533
Kröger A et al. (1999) Bednet impregnation for Chagas’ disease control: a new perspective. Trop Med Int Health 4:194–198
Laurent JP, Swindle J (2000) trypanosoma cruzi: sensitivity to selective drugs in phylogenetically unrelated stocks. Exper Parasitol 94:60–61
Lowichik A et al. (1995) Parasitic infections of the central nervous system in children. Part 1: Congenital infections and meningoencephalitis. J Child Neurol 10:4–17
Marin-Neto JA et al. (1992) Myocardial perfusion abnormalities in chronic Chagas’ disease as detected by thallium-201 scintigraphy. Am J Cardiol 69:780–784
Oelemann WM et al. (1998) Evaluation of three commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for diagnosis of Chagas’ disease. J Clin Microbiol 36:2423–2427
de Oliveira RB et al. (1998) Gastrointestinal manifestations of Chagas’ disease. Am J Gastroenterol 93:884–889
Parada H et al. (1997) Cardiac involvement is a constant finding in acute Chagas’ disease: a clinical, parasitological and histopathological study. Int J Cardiol 60:49–54
Patel AR et al. (1998) Echocardiographic analysis of regional and global left ventricular shape in Chagas’ cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 82:197–202
Russomando G et al. (1998) Treatment of congenital Chagas’ disease diagnosed and followed up by the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59:487–491
Saez-Alquezar A et al. E(1998) valuation of the performance of Brazilian blood banks in testing for Chagas’ disease. Vox Sang 74:228–231
Schmutzhard E (1998) Neurologische Erkrankungen. In: Burchard GD (Hrsg) Erkrankungen bei Immigranten. Fischer, Stuttgart
Shulman IA et al. (1997) Specific antibodies to trypanosoma cruzi among blood donors in Los Angeles/CA. Transfusion 37:727–731
Sosa EstaniSetal.(1998) Efficacy of chemotherapy with benznidazole in children in the indeterminate phase of Chagas’ disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59:526–529
Stothard JR et al. (1998) On the molecular taxonomy of trypanosoma cruzi using riboprinting. Parasitology 117:243–247
Viotti R et al. (1994) Treatment of chronic Chagas’ disease with benz-nidazole: clinical and sérologie evolution of patients with long-term follow-up. Am Heart J 127:151–62
Wendel S (1998) Transfusion-transmitted Chagas’ disease. Curr Opin Hematol 5:406–411
WHO (1991) Control of Chagas’ disease. Technical Report Series 811. WHO, Geneva
WHO (1999) Chagas’ disease, Chile: interruption of transmission. WER 74:9–11
Zicker F et al. (1990) Exercise electrocardiogram tests in manual workers with and without antibodies to trypanosoma cruzi: a population-based study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84:787–791
Bartlett MS, Vermund SH, Jacobs R et al. (1997) Detection of pneumocystis carinii in air samples: likely environmental risk to susceptible persons. J Clin Microbiol 35/10:2511–2513
Cohen OJ, Stoeckle MY (1991) Extrapulmonary pneumocystis carinii infections in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Intern Med 151:1205–1214
Hellweg-Larsen J, Benfield T, Eugen-Olsen J, Lundgren JD, Lundgren B (1999) Effects of mutations in pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthase gene on outcome of AIDS-associated P carinii pneumonia. Lancet 354(9187): 1347–1351
Höffken G, Bäthge G, Kiderlen AF (1999) Pathogenese der Pneumocystiscarinii-Pneumonie. Pneumologie 53:530–538
Hoffman AGD, Lawrence MG, Ognibene FP et al. (1992) Reduction of pulmonary surfactant in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Chest 102:1730–1736
Hughes W (1998) Current issues in the epidemiology, transmission and reactivation of Pneumocystis carinii. Semin Respir Infect 13(4):283–288
Koziel H, Eichbaum Q, Kruskal Ba et al. (1998) Reduced binding and phagocytosis of Pneumocystis carinii by alveolar macrophages from persons infected with HIV-1 correlates with mannose downregulation. J Clin Invest 102:1332–1344
Limper AH, Martin WJ (1990) Pneumocystis carinii: inhibition of lung cell growth mediated by parasite attachment. J Clin Invest 85:391–397
Limper AH, Edens M, Anders RA, Leof EB (1998) Pneumocystis carinii inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase activity in lung epithelial cells. J Clin Invest 101/5:1148–1155
Latouche S, Poirot JL, Maury E et al. (1997) Pneumocystis carinii hominis sequencing to study hypothetical person-to-person transmission. AIDS 11:549
Latouche S, Rabodonirina M, Mazars E (1998) Pneumocystis: the »carrier state«: epidemiology and transmission of human pneumocystosis. FEMS Immun Med Microbiol 22:123–128
Lundgren JD, Barton SE, Lazzarin A, et al (1995) Factors associated with the development of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in 5025 European patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 2:106–113
Martin WJ (1998) Pneumocystis carinii: The art and science of survival in the hostile environment of the alveolar spaces. Sem Respir Infect 13/4:348–352
Mazars E, Dei-Cas E (1998) Epidemiological and taxonomic impact of Pneumocystis carinii biodiversity. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 22:75–80
Orihel TC, Ash LR (1994) Parasites in human tissues. ASCP Press, Chicago/IL
Patel SK, Philpott JM, Mcpartlin DW (1999) An unusual case of Pneumocystis carinii presenting as an aural mass. J Laryngol Otol 113/6:555–557
Prévost MC, Escamilla R, Aliouat EM et al. (1998) Pneumocystis pathophysiology. FEMS Immun Med Microbiol 22:123–128
Russian DA, Stewart JL (2001) Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients without HIV infection. Am J Med Sci 321/1:56–65
Schliep TC, Yarrish RL (1999) Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Semin Respir Infect 14/4:333–343
Stringer JR, Beard CB, Miller RF et al. (2002) A new name (Pneumocystis jiroveci) for Pneumocystis from humans. Emerging Infectious Diseases 8:891–896
Torres J, Goldman M, Wheat LJ et al. (2000) Diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with polymerase chain reaction: a blinded comparison to standard methods. Clin Inf Dis 30:141–5
Adal KA (1994) From Wisconsin to Nepal: cryptosporidium, cyclospora, and microsporidia. Curr Opin Infect Dis 7:609–615
Ambroise-Thomas P, Petersen E (eds) (2000) Congenital toxoplasmosis. Springer France, Paris
Anonymus (1999) Toxoplasmose bei Mutter und Kind — Erkennung, Behandlung und Verhütung. Bundesgesundheitsbl Gesundheitsforsch Gesundheitsschutz 42:606–609
Anonymus (2001) Cyclospora cayetanensis — erster Nachweis als Erreger lebensmittelbedingter Gastroenteritis — Gruppenerkrankungen. Epid Bull 20 (Robert Koch-Institut)
Argenzio RA, Liacos JA, Levy ML et al. (1990) Villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, cellular infiltration, and impaired glucose-Na absorption in enteric cryptosporidiosis of pigs. Gastroenterology 104:440–447
Benator DA, French A, Baudet L et al. (1994) Isospora belli infection associated with acalculous cholecystitis in a patient with AIDS. Ann Intern Med 121:663
Bonnin A, Dubremetz JF, Lopez J et al. (1998) Infections à cryptosporidies et cyclospora. Encycl Méd Chir (Elsevier, Paris). Maladies infectieuses: 8-501-A-10
Bowie WR, King AS, Werker DH et al. (1997) Outbreak of toxoplasmosis associated with municipal drinking water. The BC Toxoplasma Investigation Team. Lancet 350 (9072): 173–177
Burnett AJ, Shortt SG, Isaac-Renton J et al. (1998) Multiple cases of acquired toxoplasmosis retinitis presenting in an outbreak. Ophthalmology 105/6:1032–1037
Clark DP (1999). New Insights into Human Cryptosporidiosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 12/4:554–563
Curry A, Smith HV (1998) Emerging pathogens: Isospora, cyclospora and microsporidia. Parasitology 117:S143–S159
Dei-Cas E (1994) Infections à microsporidies, isospora et sarcocystis. Editions Techniques. Encycl Méd Chir (Paris-France). Maladies infectieuses: 8-503-A-10
Farthing MJG, Cevallos A-M, Kelly P (1996) Intestinal protozoa. In: Manson’s tropical diseases, 20th edn. Saunders, Philadelphia London
Fayer R, Nerad T (1996) Effects of low temperature on viability of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:1431–1433
Fayer R, Morgan U, Upton SJ (2000) Epidemiology of cryptosporidium: Transmission, detection and identification. Int J Parasitol 30:1305–1322
Fortier B, Dao A, Ajana F (2000) Toxoplasme et toxoplasmoses. Encycl Méd Chir (Elsevier, Paris). Maladies infectieuses: 8-509-A-10. Pédiatrie: 4-330-A-10
Gorgolas M, Fortes J, Guerrero MLF (2001) Cyclospora cayetanensis cholecystitis in a patient with AIDS. Ann Intern Med 134/2:166
Graczyk TK, Cranfield MR, Fayer R, Bixler H (1999) House flies (musca domestica) as transport hosts of cryptosporidium parvum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61:500–504
Hoge CW, Shlim DR, Ghimire M et al. (1995) Placebo-controlled trial of cotrimoxazole for cyclospora infections among travellers and foreign residents in Nepal. Lancet 345:691–693
Holliman RE (1996) Toxoplasmosis. In: Manson’s tropical diseases, 20th edn. Saunders, Philadelphia London
Janitschke K (1999) Pränatale Übertragung der Toxoplasmen von der Mutter auf das Kind. Bundesgesundheitsbl Gesundheitsforsch Gesundheitsschutz 42:548–552
Karanis P, Seitz HM (1996). Vorkommen und Verbreitung von Giardia und Cryptosporidium im Roh-und Trinkwasser von Oberflächenwasserwerken. GWF Wasser, Abwasser 137/2:94–100
Lopez AS, Dodson DR, Arrowood MJ et al. (2001) Outbreak of cyclosporiasis associated with basil in Missouri in 1999. Clin Inf Dis 32/7:1010–1017
Lucius R, Loss-Frank B (1997) Parasitologie. Grundlagen für Biologen, Mediziner und Veterinärmediziner. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg Berlin
MacKenzie WR, Hoxie NJ, Proctor ME et al. (1994) A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N Engl J Med 331:161–167
Madico G, Gilman RH, Miranda E et al. (1993) Treatment of cyclospora infections with cotrimoxazole. Lancet 342:1222–1223
Michiels JF, Hofman P, Bernard E et al. (1994) Intestinal and extraintestinal isospora belli infection in an AIDS patient. A second case report. Pathol Res Pract 190/11:1089–1093
Nicolle D, Manceaux L (1908) Sur une infection à corps de Leishman (ou organismes voisins) du gondi. C R Acad Sci (Paris) 147:763
Orihel TC, Ash, LR (1994) Parasites in human tissues, ASCP Press, Chicago/IL
Pape JW, Verdier Rl, Johnson WD (1989) Treatment and prophylaxis of isospora belli infection in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 320:1044
Piekarski G, Heydorn AO, Aryeetey ME et al. (1978) Klinische, parasitologische und serologische Untersuchungen zur Sarkosporidiose (Sarcocystis suihominis) des Menschen. Immun Infekt 6:153–159
Restrepo C, Macher AM, Radany EH (1987) Disseminated extraintestinal isosporiasis in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Clin Pathol 87/4:536–542
Rosenblatt JE, Sloan LM (1993) Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Cryptosporidium spp. In stool specimens. J Clin Microbiol 6:1468–1471
Schoenen D, Karanis P (2001) Beobachtungen über parasitenbedingte Ausbrüche durch Trinkwasser und Maßnahmen zu deren Vermeidung. Bundesgesundheitsbl Gesundheitsforsch Gesundheitsschutz 44:371–376
Seitz HM (1994) In: Pohle HD, Remington JS (Hrsg) Toxoplasmose — Erreger und Krankheit. Socio medico, Gräfelfing
Tenter AM, Heckeroth AR, Weiss LM (2000) Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans. Int J Parasitol 30:1217–1258
Verdier Rl, Fitzgerald DW, Johnson WD, Pape JW (2000) Trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole compared with ciprofloxacin for treatment and prophylaxis of Isospora belli and cyclospora cayetanensis infections in HIV-infected patients. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 132/11:885–888
Weber R, Deplazes P (1995) Neue parasitäre Erkrankungen beim Menschen: Infektionen durch Mikrosporidien und Cyclospora species. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 125:909–923
Waters WR, Harp JA (1996) Cryptosporidium parvum infection in T-cell receptor (TCR)-α-and TCR-δ-deficient mice. Infect Immun 64:1854–1857
Anonymus (1996) Empfehlungen zur Laboratoriumsdiagnostik von Infektionen mit Mikrosporidien. Bundesgesundhbl 9/96
Bicart-Sée A, Massip P, Linas MD, Datry A (2000) Successful treatment with Nitazoxanide of Enterocytozoon bieneusi microsporidiosis in a patient with AIDS. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44/1:167–168
Blanshard C, Ellis DS, Tovey DG et al. (1992) Treatment of intestinal microsporidiosis with albendazole in patients with AIDS. AIDS 6:311
Chioralia G, Trammer T, Kampen H, and Seitz HM (1998) Relevant criteria for detecting microsporidia in stool specimens. J Clin Microbiol 36/8:2279–2283
Cotte L, Rabodonirina M, Chapuis F et al. (1999) Waterborne outbreak of intestinal microsporidiosis in persons with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis 180/6:2003–2008
Dei-Cas E (1994) Infections à Microsporidies, isospora et sarcocystis. Editions Techniques. Encycl Méd Chir (Paris-France). Maladies infectieuses, 8-503-A-10
Desplazes P, Mathis A, Weber R (2000) Epidemiology and zoonotic aspects of microsporidia of mammals and birds. In: Petry F (ed) Cryptosporidiosis and microsporidiosis. Karger, Basel
Farthing MJG, Cevallos A-M, Kelly P (1996) Intestinal protozoa. In: Manson’s tropical diseases, 20th edn. Saunders, Philadelphia London
Goetz M, Eichenlaub S, Pape GR, Hoffmann RM (2001) Chronic diarrhea as a result of intestinal microsporidiosis in a liver transplant recipient. Transplantation 71/2:334–337
Gumbo T, Hobbs RE, Carlyn C, Hall G, Isada CM (1999) Microsporidia infection in transplant patients. Transplantation 67/3:482–484
Gumbo T, Gangaidzo IT et al. (2000) Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection in patients without evidence of immunosuppression: two cases from Zimbabwe found to have positive stools by PCR. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 94/7:699–702
Lopez-Velez R, Turrientes MC et al. (1999) Microsporidiosis in travelers with diarrhea from the tropics. J Travel Med 6/4:223–227
Lucius R, Loss-Frank B (1997) Parasitologie. Grundlagen für Biologen, Mediziner und Veterinärmediziner. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg Berlin
Mathis A (2000) Microsporidia: emerging advances in understanding the basic biology of these unique organisms. Int J Parasitol 30:795–804
Miao YM, Awad-EI-Kariem FM, Franzen C et al. (2000) Eradication of cryptosporidia and microsporidia following successful antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 25/2:124–129
Molina JM, Goguel J, Sarfati C et al. (2000) Trial of oral fumagillin for the treatment of intestinal microsporidiosis in patients with HIV infection. ANRS Study Group. AIDS 14/10:1341–1348
Orihel TC, Ash, LR (1994) Parasites in human tissues. ASCP Press, Chicago/IL
Rosenblatt JE (1999) Antiparasitic agents. Mayo Clin Proc 74:1161–1175
Seitz HM, Trammer T (1998) Opportunistic infections caused by protozoan parasites. Tokai J Exp Clin Med 23/6:249–257
Singh M, Kane GJ, Mackinlay L et al. (1982) Detection of antibodies to Nosema cuniculi (protozoa: microsporidia) in human and animal sera by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. Southeast Asia J Trop Med Publ Health 13:110
Weber R, Deplazes P (1995) Neue parasitäre Erkrankungen beim Menschen: Infektionen durch Mikrosporidien und Cyclospora species. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 125:909–923
Weiss LM (2000) Microsporidia: emerging pathogenic protists. Acta Trop 78/2:89–102
Dedieu P, Gibon M (1981) Parasitoses et malabsorption. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 5:456–468
Doglioni C, Deboni M et al. (1992) Gastric giardiasis. J Clin Pathol 45:964–967
Duncombe VMT, Bolin TD, Davis AE, Crouch RL (1987) Histopathology in giardiasis: a correlation with diarrhea. Aust N Z J Med 8:392–396
Farthing MJG, Cevallos A-M, Kelly P (1996) Intestinal protozoa. In: Manson’s tropical diseases, 20th edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, London
Farthing MJG, Goka AKJ, Butcher PD, Arvind AS (1987) Serodiagnosis of giardiasis. Serodiagn Immunother 1:233–238
Gardner TB, Hill, DR (2001) Treatment of giardiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev 14/1:114–128
Gornik V, Behringer K, Kölb B, Exner M (2001) Erster Giardiasisausbruch im Zusammenhang mit kontaminiertem Trinkwasser in Deutschland. Bundesgesundheitsbl Gesundheitsforsch Gesundheitsschutz 44:351–357
Hanson K, Cartwright CP (2001) Use of an enzyme immunoassay does not eliminate the need to analyze multiple stool specimens for sensitive detection of Giardia lamblia. J Clin Microbiol 39/2:474–477
Heyworth MF (1992) Immunology of giardia and cryptosporidium infections. J Infect Dis 166:465–472
Karanis P& Seitz HM (1996) Vorkommen und Verbreitung von Giardia und Cryptosporidium im Roh-und Trinkwasser von Oberflächenwasserwerken. AWF Wasser, Abwasser 137/2:94–100
Karanis P, Opiela K, Al-Arousi M, Seitz HM (1996) A comparison of phase contrast microscopy and an immunofluorescence test for the detection of giardia spp. In faecal specimens from cattle and wild rodents. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90:250–251
Lucius R, Loss-Frank B (1997) Parasitologie. Grundlagen für Biologen, Mediziner und Veterinärmediziner. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg Berlin
Magne D, Chochillon C, Savel J, Gobert JG (1996) Flagelloses intestinales. Encycl Méd Chir (Elsevier, Paris). Maladies infectieuses, 8-515-A-10
Maraha B, Buiting AGM (2000) Evaluation of four enzyme immunoassays for the detection of giardia lamblia antigen in stool specimens. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 19:485–487
Oberhuber G, Kastner N, Stolte M (1997) Giardiasis: a histologic analysis of 567 cases. Scand J Gastroenterol 32/1:48–51
Robertson ID Irwin PJ et al. 2000 The role of companion animals in the emergence of parasitic zooses. Int J Parasitol 30/12–13: 1369–13
Rosenblatt JE (1999) Antiparasitic agents. Mayo Clin Proc 74:1161–1175
Thompson RC 2000 Giardiasis as a re-emerging infectious disease and its zootic potential. Int J Parasitol 30/12–13: 1259–12
Tomkins AM, Drasar BS, Bradley AK, Williamson WA (1978) Bacterial colonization of jejunal mucosa in giardiasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 72:33–36
Slifko TR, Smith HV, Rose JB (2000) Emerging zoonoses associated with water and food. Int J Parasitol 30/12-13:1379–1393
Xiao L (1994) Giardia infection in farm animals. Parasitol Today 10:436–438
Farthing MJG, Cevallos A-M, Kelly P (1996) Intestinal protozoa. In: Manson’s tropical diseases, 20th edn. Saunders, Philadelphia London
Lucius R, Loss-Frank B (1997) Parasitologie. Grundlagen für Biologen, Mediziner und Veterinärmediziner. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg Berlin
Orihel TC, Ash, LR (1994) Parasites in human tissues. ASCP Press, Chicago/IL
Seitz HM (1991) Protozoeninfektionen. In: Hornbostel H, Kaufmann W, Siegenthaler W (Hrsg) Innere Medizin in Praxis und Klinik, 4. Aufl, Bd 3. Thieme, Stuttgart New York
Walzer PD, Judson FN, Murphy KB et al. (1973) Balantidiasis outbreak in Truk. Am J Trop Med Hyg 22/1:33–41
Gulmezoglu AM, Garner P (1998) Trichomoniasis treatment in women: a systematic review. Trop Med Int Health 3/7:553–558
Laga M, Manoka A, Kivuvu M et al. (1993) Non-ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases as risk factors for HIV-1 transmission in women: results from a cohort study. AIDS 7/1:95–102
Lucius R, Loss-Frank B (1997) Parasitologie. Grundlagen für Biologen, Mediziner und Veterinärmediziner. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg Berlin
Patel SR Wiese W et al. 2000 Systematic review of diagstic tests for vaginal trichomoniasis. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 8/5–6: 248–2
Petersen EE (1997) Infektionen in Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe 3. Aufl. Thieme, Stuttgart
Aikawa M, Rabbege J, Uni S et al. (1985) Structural alteration of the membrane of erythrocytes infected with babesia bovis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 34/1:45–49
Berry A, Morassin B, Kamar N, Magnaval JF (2001) Clinical picture: human babesiosis. Lancet 357 (9253): 341
Bourée P, Marsaudon E et al. (1996) Babésiose grave d’évolution favorable, dans l’Indre. Bull Soc Franc Parasitol 14:172–178
Brasseur P, Lecoublet S et al. (1996) Quinine in the treatment of babesia divergens infections in humans. Eur J Clin Microbiol Inf Dis 15:840–841
Chiodini PL (1996) Babesiosis. In: Manson’s tropical diseases, 20th edn. Saunders, Philadelphia London
Denes E, Rogez JP, Dardé ML, Weinbreck P (1999) Management of Babesia divergens babesiosis without a complete course of quinine treatment. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 18:672–673
Falagas ME, Klempner MS (1996) Babesiosis in patients with AIDS: A chronic infection presenting as fever of unknown origin. Clin Inf Dis 22:809–812
Fritz CL, Kjemtrup AM et al. (1997) Seroepidemiology of tickborne infectious diseases in a Northern Californian community. J Inf Dis 175:1432
Gorenflot A, Moubri K, Precigout E, Carcy B, Schetters TP (1998) Human babesiosis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 92/4:489–501
Gray JS, Harte LN (1985) An estimation of the prevalence and economic importance of clinical bovine babesiosis in the Republic of Ireland. Ir Vet J 39:75–78
Herwaldt BL, Persing DH et al. (1996) A fatal case of babesiosis in Missouri: identification of another piroplasm that infect humans. Ann Intern Med 124:643–650
Healy GR, Ruebush TK (1980) Morphology of babesia microti in human blood smears. Am J Clin Pathol 73:107–109
Homer MJ, Bruinsma ES, Lodes MJ et al. (2000) A polymorphic multigene family encoding an immunodominant protein from Babesia microti. J Clin Microbiol 38:362–368
Homer MJ, Aguilar-Delfin I et al. (2000) Babesiosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 13/3:451–469
Igarashi I, Aikawa M, Kreier JP (1988) Host cell-parasite interactions in babesiosis. In: Ristic M (ed): Babesiosis in domestic animals and man. CRC Press, Florida
Kjemtrup AM, Conrad PA (2000) Human babesiosis: an emerging tickborne disease. Int J Parasit 30:1323–1337
Krause PJ, Telford SR, Ryan R et al. (1994) Diagnosis of babesiosis: evaluation of a serologic test for the detection of babesia microti antibody. J Infect Dis 169:923–926
Krause PJ, Lepore T. et al. (2000) Atovaquone and azithromycin for the treatment of babesiosis. N Engl J Med 343/20:1454–1458
Linden JV, Wong SJ et al. (2000) Transfusion-associated transmission of babesiosis in New York State. Transfusion 40:285–288
Meldrum SC, Birkhead GS et al. (1992) Human babesiosis in New York State: an epidemiological description of 136 cases. Clin Infect Dis 15:1019–1023
New DL, Quinn JB, Qureshi MZ, Sigler SJ (1997) Vertically transmitted babesiosis. J Pediatr 131/1:163–164
Olmeda AS, Armstrong PM, et al (1997) A subtropical case of human babesiosis. Acta Trop 67/3:229–234
Ong KR, Stavropoulos C, Inada Y (1990) Babesiosis, asplenia and AIDS. Lancet 336:112
Rosner F, Zarrabi MH et al. (1984) Babesiosis in splenectomized adults: review of 22 reported cases. Am J Med 76:696–701
Scholtens RG, Braff EH et al. (1968) A case of babesiosis in man in the United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 17:810–813
Skrabolo Z, Deanovic Z (1957) Piroplasmosis in man. Doc Med Geogr Trop 9:11–16
Sun T, Tenenbaum MJ, Greenspan et al. (1983) Morphologic and clinical observations in human infection with babesia microti. J Infect Dis 148/2:239–248
Weiss, LM, Wittner M, Tanowitz HB (2001) The treatment of babesiosis. N Engl J Med 344:773–774
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Heller, R., Knobloch, J., Seitz, H., Sitzmann, F. (2004). Protozoen. In: Adam, D., Doerr, H.W., Link, H., Lode, H. (eds) Die Infektiologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18577-9_31
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18577-9_31
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-00075-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-18577-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive