Abstract
A common way to model multi-class classification problems is by means of Error-Correcting Output Codes (ECOC). Given a multi-class problem, the ECOC technique designs a codeword for each class, where each position of the code identifies the membership of the class for a given binary problem.A classification decision is obtained by assigning the label of the class with the closest code. In this paper, we overview the state-of-the-art on ECOC designs and test them in real applications. Results on different multi-class data sets show the benefits of using the ensemble of classifiers when categorizing objects in images.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Allwein, E., Schapire, R., Singer, Y.: Reducing multiclass to binary: A unifying approach for margin classifiers. JMLR 1, 113–141 (2002)
Bovik, A., Clark, M., Geisler, W.: Multichannel texture analysis using localized spatial filters. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 12(1), 55–73 (1990)
Burke, A.P., Farb, A., Malcom, G.T., Smialek, J., Virmani, R.: Coronary risk factors and plaque morphology inmen with coronary disease who died suddently. The New England Journal of Medicine 336(18), 1276–1281 (1997)
Casacuberta, J., Miranda, J., Pla, M., Sanchez, S., Serra, A., Talaya, J.: On the accuracy and performance of the geomobil system. In: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (2004)
Crammer, K., Singer, Y.: On the learnability and design of output codes for multi-class problems. Machine Learning 47, 201–233 (2002)
Daugman, J.: Uncertainty relation for resolution in space, spatial frequency, and orientation optimized by two-dimensional visual cortical filters. Journal of the Optical Society of America 2(A), 1160–1169 (1985)
Daume, H., Marcu, D.: A bayesian model for supervised clustering with the dirichlet process prior. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 1551–1577 (2005)
Demsar, J.: Statistical comparisons of classifiers over multiple data sets. JMLR, 1–30 (2006)
Escalera, S., Pujol, O., Radeva, P.: Loss-weighted decoding for error-correcting output codes. In: VISAPP (to appear)
Escalera, S., Pujol, O., Radeva, P.: Boosted landmarks of contextual descriptors and forest-ecoc: A novel framework to detect and classify objects in clutter scenes. Pattern Recognition Letters 28(13), 1759–1768 (2007)
Ghani, R.: Combining labeled and unlabeled data for text classification with a large number of categories. In: Int. conf. Data Mining, pp. 597–598 (2001)
Gil, D., Hernandez, A., Rodriguez, O., Mauri, F., Radeva, P.: Statistical strategy for anisotropic adventitia modelling in ivus. IEEE Trans. Medical Imaging 27, 1022–1030 (2006)
Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R.: Classification by pairwise grouping. NIPS 26, 451–471 (1998)
Caballero, K.L., Barajas, J., Pujol, O., Salvatella, N., Radeva, P.I.: In-vivo ivus tissue classification: a comparison between rf signal analysis and reconstructed images. In: Martínez-Trinidad, J.F., Carrasco Ochoa, J.A., Kittler, J. (eds.) CIARP 2006. LNCS, vol. 4225, pp. 137–146. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Kittler, J., Ghaderi, R., Windeatt, T., Matas, J.: Face verification using error correcting output codes. CVPR 1, 755–760 (2001)
Kong, E.B., Dietterich, T.G.: Error-correcting output coding corrects bias and variance. In: ICML, pp. 313–321 (1995)
Madala, H., Ivakhnenko, A.: Inductive Learning Algorithm for Complex Systems Modelling. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton (1994)
Nair, A., Kuban, B., Obuchowski, N., Vince, G.: Assesing spectral algorithms to predict atherosclerotic plaque composition with normalized and raw intravascular ultrasound data. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 27, 1319–1331 (2001)
Nilsson, N.J.: Learning machines. McGraw-Hill, New York (1965)
Ohanian, P., Dubes, R.: Performance evaluation for four classes of textural features. Pattern Recognition 25, 819–833 (1992)
Ojala, T., Pietikainen, M., Maenpaa, T.: Multiresolution gray-scale and rotation invariant texture classification with local binary patterns. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 24, 971–987 (2002)
W. H. Organization, World health organization statistics (2006), http://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/statistics/
h. OSU-SVM-TOOLBOX
Proakis, J., Rader, C., Ling, F., Nikias, C.: Advanced digital signal processing. Mc Millan, Basingstoke (1992)
Pudil, P., Ferri, F., Novovicova, J., Kittler, J.: Floating search methods for feature selection with nonmonotonic criterion functions. In: ICPR, pp. 279–283 (1994)
Pujol, O., Escalera, S., Radeva, P.: An incremental node embedding technique for error correcting output codes. Pattern Recognition (to appear)
Pujol, O., Radeva, P., Vitrià, J.: Discriminant ecoc: A heuristic method for application dependent design of error correcting output codes. PAMI 28, 1001–1007 (2006)
Randen, T., Husoy, J.H.: Filtering for texture classification: A comparative study. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 4, 291–310 (1999)
Utschick, W., Weichselberger, W.: Stochastic organization of output codes in multiclass learning problems. Neural Computation 13(5), 1065–1102 (2001)
Windeatt, T., Ardeshir, G.: Boosted ecoc ensembles for face recognition. In: International Conference on Visual Information Engineering, pp. 165–168 (2003)
Zgu, Q.: Minimum cross-entropy approximation for modeling of highly intertwining data sets at subclass levels. Journal of Intelligent Information Systems, 139–152 (1998)
Zhou, J., Suen, C.: Unconstrained numeral pair recognition using enhanced error correcting output coding: a holistic approach. In: Proc. in Conf. on Doc. Anal. and Rec., vol. 1, pp. 484–488 (2005)
Zhu, M., Martinez, A.M.: Subclass discriminant analysis. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1274–1286 (2006)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Escalera, S., Tax, D.M.J., Pujol, O., Radeva, P., Duin, R.P.W. (2011). Multi-class Classification in Image Analysis via Error-Correcting Output Codes. In: Kwaśnicka, H., Jain, L.C. (eds) Innovations in Intelligent Image Analysis. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol 339. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17934-1_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17934-1_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-17933-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-17934-1
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)