Abstract
Facial expression is the mirror of our emotions. We express ourselves not only in words but in facial muscle contraction as well hand and body movement and stature. Paralysis of facial muscles causes loss of expression of what we are trying to say or do. The muscles used in human facial expression were reported by Duchenne de Boulogne in 1862. His research was through the use of electrophysiological analysis stimulating each of the facial muscles and correlating the muscles stimulated with facial expression and taking photographs of the results. Facial muscle contractions are correlated to types of emotions. Surgeons should understand that not only can appearance be altered with motor nerve function loss but expression of emotions can also be altered.
Keywords
- Human Facial Expressions
- Facial Muscle Contractions
- Duchenne
- Pseudohypertrophic Muscular Dystrophy
- Brachial Plexus Injury
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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Duchenne de Boulogne GB. The mechanism of human facial expression. Paris: Jules Renouard, Libraire; 1862.
Duchenne de Boulogne GB. Recherches electro-physiologiques, pathologique et therapeutiques. Presented at the Academie des Sciences, Paris, 21 May 1849.
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© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
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Shiffman, M.A. (2012). Muscles Used in Facial Expression. In: Erian, A., Shiffman, M. (eds) Advanced Surgical Facial Rejuvenation. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17838-2_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17838-2_4
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