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Bulk Peculiarities: Metal–Nonmetal Transitions

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Coulombic Fluids

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences ((SSSOL,volume 168))

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Abstract

Metal–nonmetal transitions in fluid systems are the subject matter of this chapter. It first deals with the limits of the metallic regime as given by the Ioffe–Regel rule and the Mott criterion for the breakdown of electronic screening. Then various mechanisms of electron localization and types of metal–nonmetal transitions are discussed. This includes phenomena such as localization by disorder (Mott–Anderson transition), polaron and F-centre formation, intra-atomic electron correlation (Mott–Hubbard transition), and percolation transitions. The main part of this chapter deals with electronic phase transitions in expanded fluid alkali metals, liquid alkali metal alloys, and metal–molten salt solutions based on experimental investigations of their electronic transport, magnetic, and structural properties. In fluid alkali metals, strong indications of a highly correlated, nearly antiferromagnetic electron gas exist, which is the signature of a Mott–Hubbard transition. The nature of localized electronic states in alkali metal alloys depends on chemical bonding in the nonmetallic regime. Liquid semiconducting behaviour is found in alkali metal–antimony alloys and the transition to metallic states can be consistently described by crossing of a pseudogap. Some alkali metal–gold alloys exhibit predominantly ionic bonding near M − Au stoichiometry and thus behave very similar to alkali metal–alkali halide melts. The nonmetallic regime of the latter is characterized by polaronic defects leading to a metal–nonmetal transition of the Mott–Anderson type.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The magnetic susceptibility χ or volume susceptibility χ V is dimensionless in cgs units; it is related to the mass, χ g , and molar, χm, susceptibility by χ = χ g ⋅ρ and χm = χ g M with ρ = mass density and M = atomic mass.

  2. 2.

    The lower values of ∼ 5Ω − 1 cm − 1 for Na3Sb and \(\sim 3{\Omega }^{-1}\,{\mathrm{cm}}^{-1}\) for Cs3Sb in an earlier publication [55] have been erroneously attributed to the liquid state; in the case of Na3Sb, it was shown later [56] that the melting point of this compound is \(1,01{5}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}\) instead of \(85{6}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}\) as given in the literature.

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    Werner Freyland

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Freyland, W. (2011). Bulk Peculiarities: Metal–Nonmetal Transitions. In: Coulombic Fluids. Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences, vol 168. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17779-8_3

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