Abstract
This chapter traces the history of sound (and in particular, speech) spectrum analysis from its very beginnings in the theory developed by Fourier in the early 1800s. A particular goal of this historical outline is to describe not just the events and developments through the years, but also the beliefs and attitudes of scientists as these changed with the development of a better understanding. Some of the scientists whose work is discussed here are still widely known and cited, while others’ contributions have been unjustly forgotten. With this chapter, I also hope to straighten out the historical record in this respect, giving all due credit to those pioneers who uncovered many facts about speech spectra that are now taken for granted.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Until the early 1900s, light was not recognized as an electromagnetic particle/wave phenomenon, but rather was erroneously thought to involve waves in an otherwise undetectable substrate known as the \(ether.\)
- 2.
I have been unable to ascertain which of Hermann’s many papers first uses this term, but it was certainly published around 1890.
- 3.
The treatment of vowels was apparently not in the first edition of 1878, though I have not seen this version firsthand.
References
B.S. Atal, M.R. Schroeder, Predictive coding of speech signals. in Proc. 1967 Conf. Commun. and Process (1967) pp. 360–361
C.G. Bell, H. Fujisaki, J.M. Heinz, K.N. Stevens, A.S. House, Reduction of speech spectra by analysis-by-synthesis techniques. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 33(12), 1725–1736 (1961)
A. van den Bos, Alternative interpretation of maximum entropy spectral analysis. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 17, 493–494 (1971)
H. Bouasse, Acoustique Générale: Ondes Aériennes (Delagrave, 1926)
L. de Broglie, Certitudes et Incertitudes de la Science. (Albin Michel, Paris, 1966)
J. P. Burg, A new analysis technique for time series data. in Modern Spectrum Analysis, ed. by D.G. Childers (IEEE Press, New York 1978), pp. 42–49. Reprint of a paper presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Signal Processing with Emphasis on Underwater Acoustics, 1968
G.A. Carse, J. Urquhart, Harmonic analysis. in Modern Instruments and Methods of Calculation, ed. by E.M. Horsburgh (Tomash, Los Angeles, 1914) pp. 220–248 (Reprinted 1982)
H.S. Carslaw, Introduction to the Theory of Fourier’s Series and Integrals, 3rd edn (Dover Publications, New York, 1930)
A. Cauchy, Mémoire sur la théorie de la propagation des ondes à la surface d’un fluide pesant. Mémoires des Savans Étranger, pp. 3–313 (1827). Reprinted in Cauchy’s Oevres Complètes 1re série tome 1
T. Chiba, M. Kajiyama, The Vowel: Its Nature and Structure (Phonetic Society of Japan, Tokyo, 1958)
J.W. Cooley, J.W. Tukey, An algorithm for the machine calculation of complex Fourier series. Math. Comput. 19, 297–301 (1965)
I.B. Crandall, The sounds of speech. Bell. Sys. Tech. J. IV, 586–626 (1925)
I.B. Crandall, Dynamical study of the vowel sounds, part II. Bell. Sys. Tech. J. VI, 100–116 (1927)
I.B. Crandall, C.F. Sacia, A dynamical study of the vowel sounds. Bell. Sys. Tech. J. III, 232–237 (1924)
G.C. Danielson, C. Lanczos, Some improvements in practical Fourier analysis and their application to X-ray scattering from liquids. J. Franklin Inst. 233, 365–380, 435–452 (1942)
F.C. Donders, Über die Natur der Vokale. Archiv f. d. holländische Beiträge z. Natur- u. Heilkunde I (1858)
A.J. Ellis, Analysis and synthesis of vowel sounds. In: On the Sensations of Tone (Helmholtz) [29], pp. 538–543
G. Fant, Acoustic Theory of Speech Production (The Hague, Mouton, 1960). Reissued 1970
P. Flandrin, Time-Frequency/Time-Scale Analysis. English edn (Academic Press, San Diego, 1999)
H. Fletcher, The nature of speech and its interpretation. J. Franklin Inst. 193(6), 729–747 (1922)
H. Fletcher, Speech and Hearing (D. van Nostrand, Princeton, 1929)
H. Fletcher, Speech and Hearing in Communication. (D. van Nostrand, Princeton, 1953)
J.B.J. Fourier, Théorie de la propagation de la chaleur dans les solides (1807). Manuscript first published in [26]
C. Godfrey, On the application of Fourier’s double integrals to optical problems. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A 195, 329–362 (1900)
M. Gouy, Sur le mouvement lumineux. J. Phys. 5 (1886)
I. Grattan-Guinness, Joseph Fourier 1768–1830 (The MIT Press, Cambridge, 1972)
H.H. Hall, Sound analysis. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 8, 257–262 (1937)
M.T. Heideman, D.H. Johnson, C.S. Burrus, Gauss and the history of the fast Fourier transform. IEEE Acoust. Speech Sig. Proc. Mag. 1, 14–21 (1984)
H. Helmholtz, On the Sensations of Tone, 2nd English edn. (Longmans & Co., Oxford, 1885)
F. Jenkin, J.A. Ewing, On the harmonic analysis of certain vowel sounds. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. 28, 745–777 (1878)
M. Joos, Acoustic Phonetics. (No. 23 in Language Monographs. Linguistic Society of America, Baltimore, 1948)
R. Koenig, Die manometrischen Flammen. Ann. der Phys. Chem. 222(6), 161–199 (1872)
W. Koenig, H.K. Dunn, L.Y. Lacy, The sound spectrograph. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 18(1), 19–49 (1946)
G.A. Kopp, H.C. Green, Basic phonetic principles of visible speech. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 18(1), 74–89 (1946)
D. Lewis, Vocal resonance. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 8, 91–99 (1936)
R.J. Lloyd, Some researches into the nature of vowel-sound. Ph.D. thesis (University of London, 1890)
R.J. Lloyd, Speech sounds: their nature and causation. Phonet. Stud. IV, 37–67 (1891)
J.D. Markel, A.H. Gray Jr, Linear Prediction of Speech. (Springer, Berlin, 1976)
E. Merritt, On a method of photographing the manometric flame, with applications to the study of the vowel A. Phys. Rev. I (1893)
D.C. Miller, The Science of Musical Sounds, 2nd edn. (MacMillan, New York, 1926)
J.G. M’Kendrick, Experimental phonetics. Nature 65(1678), 182–189 (1901)
A. V. Oppenheim, Speech spectrograms using the fast Fourier transform. IEEE Spectrum (8), 57–62 (1970)
R.A.S. Paget, The production of artificial vowel sounds. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 102(719), 752–765 (1923)
G.E. Peterson, H.L. Barney, Control methods used in a study of the vowels. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 24(2), 175–184 (1952)
H. Pipping, Zur Phonetik der finnischen Sprache. (Helsingfors, 1899)
R.K. Potter, G.A. Kopp, H.C. Green, Visible Speech. (D. van Nostrand, New York, 1947)
R.K. Potter, J.C. Steinberg, Toward the specification of speech. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 22(6), 807–820 (1950)
C.F. Sacia, Photomechanical wave analyzer applied to inharmonic analysis. J. Opt. Soc. Am. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 9, 487–494 (1924)
S. Saito, F. Itakura, The theoretical consideration of statistically optimum methods for speech spectral density. (Technical Report 3107, Electrical Communication Laboratory, N. T. T., Tokyo, 1966) (in Japanese)
Schneebeli: Sur la théorie du timbre et particulièrement des voyelles. Archives des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles de Genève (1879)
E.W. Scripture, The Elements of Experimental Phonetics. (Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1902)
J.C. Steinberg, Application of sound measuring instruments to the study of phonetic problems. J Acoustical Soc Am 6, 16–24 (1934)
J.W. Strutt (Baron Rayleigh), The Theory of Sound, vol. II, 2nd edn (Macmillan, London, 1896)
S.P. Thompson, A new method of approximate harmonic analysis by selected ordinates. Proc. Phys. Soc. Lond. 23, 334–343 (1911)
W. Thomson (Lord Kelvin), Harmonic analyzer. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 27, 371–373 (1878)
W. Thomson (Lord Kelvin), P.G. Tait, Treatise on Natural Philosophy, vol. 1, 2nd edn. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1912)
E. Whittaker, G. Robinson, The Calculus of Observations. 4th edn (D. van Nostrand, New York, 1944)
N. Wiener, Extrapolation, Interpolation, and Smoothing of Stationary Time Series, with Engineering Applications. (Technology Press of M.I.T., Cambridge, 1949)
R. Willis, On the vowel sounds, and on reed organ-pipes. Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc III, 231–268 (1830)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fulop, S.A. (2011). History of Speech Spectrum Analysis. In: Speech Spectrum Analysis. Signals and Communication Technology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17478-0_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17478-0_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-17477-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-17478-0
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)