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Spiegelneurone

  • Chapter
Handfunktionsstörungen in der Neurologie

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Zusammenfassung

Seit Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts ist bekannt, dass die Beobachtung von relevanten motorischen Handlungen die Anspannung von vergleichbaren Muskelpartien des Beobachters bewirken kann (Carpenter-Effekt), und seit Beginn der 70er Jahre des vergangenen Jahrhunderts weiß man, dass motorische Modelle einen lernmotorischen Effekt auf den Beobachter ausüben (Bandura 1971). Diese und andere, später beobachtete verhaltensneurologische Effekte fanden eine direkte neurologische Entsprechung in der Entdeckung einer neuen Art von Neuronen Anfang der 90er Jahre des vorigen Jahrhunderts. Sie wurden zunächst bei Schweinsaffen (Makaka nemestrina) im italienischen Parma bei Experimenten zur Nervenzellableitung in prämotorischen Arealen der Großhirnrinde entdeckt. Hier zeigte sich, dass die Beobachtung einer Handlung des Untersuchers zu einer ähnlichen Aktivierung der besagten Nervenzellen führte wie die Ausführung der gleichen Handlung durch den Affen. Die spiegelbildliche Reaktion der Neurone,

  • zum einen auf die gesehene Handlung und

  • zum anderen auf die selbst durchgeführte

kongruente Handlung, führte zu der Bezeichnung Spiegelneurone (di Pellegrino et al. 1992; Rizzolatti et al. 1996a; Gallese et al. 1996). Im vorliegenden Kapitel soll die Lokalisation der Spiegelneurone im tierischen wie im menschlichen Großhirn beschrieben werden, bevor schließlich ihre funktionellen Eigenschaften dargestellt werden.

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  1. Zentrum für Klinische Studien, Universität Lübeck, Maria-Goeppert-Straße 1, 23562, Lübeck

    Dr. med. D. Ertelt

  2. Neurologische Klinik Sektion für Neurologische Kognitionsforschung, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen

    Prof. Dr. med. F. Binkofski

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Ertelt, D., Binkofski, F. (2011). Spiegelneurone. In: Handfunktionsstörungen in der Neurologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17257-1_12

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