Abstract
Narrowly defined, the word “tourism” means travel for recreation or instruction, often in organized groups. The tourism industry primarily provides the tourist with travel to the destination and thereafter provides accommodation usually in a commercial establishment that provides lodging, food, and other services to the public. Therefore tourism is essentially associated with the transport and hospitality industries, where the hotel business features as an important industry which caters to people traveling for business or pleasure. When these factors are translated into exigencies of a viable space tourism industry, many considerations emerge, particularly from an extra terrestrial perspective. The main issues are whether a commercially viable and sufficiently evolved space transportation program could be a reality in the near future and whether the infrastructure needed for establishing accommodation for a sustained tourism industry in the inhospitable terrain of outer space could be put into place. Some have suggested that space tourism is indeed a realistic goal in the near future particularly if a space program were calculated to create permanent settlements. The residents of such outposts would have to “live off the land,” obtaining necessities such as oxygen and water from the harsh environment of outer space. For example, it has been suggested that on the Moon, pioneers could obtain oxygen by heating lunar soil. In 1998 the Lunar Prospector discovered evidence of significant deposits of ice – a valuable resource for settlers – mixed with soil at the lunar poles. It is also known that on Mars, oxygen could be extracted from the atmosphere and water could come from buried deposits of ice.
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Notes
- 1.
Frangialli (1999), p. 2.
- 2.
Schenkman (1955), pp. 120–121.
- 3.
Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, Opened for Signature at Moscow, London and Washington on 27 January 1967, 610VNTS 205. It must be noted that the first “space tourist” Denis Tito was called a space tourist for purposes of public reference by the media. He was called a “guest cosmonaut” by the Russians and an amateur astronaut by the Americans. See http://www.spacedaily.com/news/011206133411.3i4zwq28.html.
- 4.
Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, Opened for Signature at Moscow, London and Washington on 27 January 1967, 610VNTS 205. It must be noted that the first “space tourist” Denis Tito was called a space tourist for purposes of public reference by the media. He was called a “guest cosmonaut” by the Russians and an amateur astronaut by the Americans. See http://www.spacedaily.com/news/011206133411.3i4zwq28.html. Article V.
- 5.
Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, Opened for Signature at Moscow, London and Washington on 27 January 1967, 610VNTS 205. It must be noted that the first “space tourist” Denis Tito was called a space tourist for purposes of public reference by the media. He was called a “guest cosmonaut” by the Russians and an amateur astronaut by the Americans. See http://www.spacedaily.com/news/011206133411.3i4zwq28.html. Article V.
- 6.
UNGA Resolution 1962 (XVIII) Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space.
- 7.
Cheng (1997), pp. 259–460.
- 8.
Cheng (1997), p. 458.
- 9.
Like the earlier cited Treaty provision, this provision is derived from United Nations documentation and has been reproduced almost verbatim from paragraph 7 of the 1963 General Assembly Declaration appearing in Resolution 1962 (XVIII). The Treaty provision extends the scope of application of the provision to conduct of astronauts both inside and outside the spacecraft.
- 10.
Cheng (1997), p. 459.
- 11.
Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and other Celestial Bodies, UN Doc A/RES/34/68 of 5 December 1979.
- 12.
Hereafter referred to as the Tokyo Convention.
- 13.
Tokyo Convention, Chapter 1, Article 1(2).
- 14.
Tokyo Convention, Chapter 1, Article 1(3).
- 15.
Tokyo Convention, Chapter 4, Article 11.
- 16.
Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, the Hague, 16 December 1970, hereafter referred to as the Hague Convention.
- 17.
Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, the Hague, 16 December 1970, Hague Convention, Article 1(a).
- 18.
Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, the Hague, 16 December 1970, Hague Convention, Article 1(b).
- 19.
See Shubber (1973), p. 687 at 692.
- 20.
Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, the Hague, 16 December 1970, Hague Convention, Article 3, para 1.
- 21.
Tokyo Convention, Chapter 4, Article 3(3).
- 22.
Lowenfeld (1972), p. 87.
- 23.
Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, the Hague, 16 December 1970, Hague Convention, Article 2.
- 24.
Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, the Hague, 16 December 1970, Hague Convention, Articles 1 (4), 3, 4, and 7.
- 25.
Hereafter referred to as the Montreal Convention.
- 26.
Montreal Convention, Article 1.
- 27.
Montreal Convention, Article 1.
References
Cheng C (1997) Studies in International Space Law. Clarendon Press, Oxford, p 259 and 460
Frangialli F (1999) Crystal ball gazing, dossier. The Courier, 2
Lowenfeld AF (1972) Aviation law, cases and materials. M. Bender, New York, 87
Schenkman J (1955) International civil aviation organization. Librairie E. Dross, Geneve, pp 120–121
Shubber S (1973) Aircraft hijacking under the Hague convention 1970 – a new regime? Int Comp Law Q 22:692
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Abeyratne, R. (2011). Space Tourism. In: Space Security Law. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16702-7_4
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