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Material–Environment Interactions

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Springer Handbook of Metrology and Testing

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Abstract

There is no usage of materials without interaction with the environment. Material–environment interactions are relevant for all types of materials, be they of inorganic or organic in origin. Interactions with the environment can cause damage to materials but also might lead to an improvement of materials properties (e.g. oxidative passivation of aluminium or patina formation on copper surfaces). Interactions with the environment might also occur prior to the usage of materials, i.e. in the production phase. For example, before steel can be used for manufacturing of metal products, iron ore has to be extracted and processed.

The impact of the environment on the processes of the materials cycle (Fig. 1.15) will be discussed in Sect. 15.1.1 of this chapter. An important material–environment interaction, especially for inorganic materials, is corrosion, which has already been addressed in Chap. 12. Also the biological impact on organic and inorganic materials can be manifold and are presented in Chap. 14. Environmental mechanisms that impair the functioning of organic polymeric materials – such as weathering, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, moisture, temperature and high-pH environments – are the topics of Sect. 15.1.2. The influence of materials on the indoor climate and measurement methods to characterize emissions from materials are treated in Sect. 15.2. Fire exhibits a drastic impact on materials; methods to characterize the flammability and fire behavior of materials are discussed in Sect. 15.3.

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Abbreviations

AS:

activation spectrum

ASTM:

American Society for Testing and Materials

BAM:

Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Germany

BSI:

British Standards Institute

CE:

Communauté Européenne

CE:

Conformité Européenne

CE:

capillary electrophoresis

CE:

counter electrode

CEN:

European Committee for Standardization

CEN:

European Standard Organization

CENELEC:

European Electrotechnical Standardization Commission

CFD:

computational fluid dynamics

CI:

carbonyl index

DAD:

diode-array detector

DIN:

Deutsches Institut für Normung

DNPH:

2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine

EF:

emission factors

ER:

electrical resistance

ETS:

environmental tobacco smoke

EU:

European Union

FAA:

Federal Aviation Administration

FAA:

Federal Aviation Authority

FAR:

Federal Aviation Regulations

FLEC:

field and laboratory emission cell

FMVSS:

Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards

FP:

fire protection

FRP:

fibre-reinforced plastics

FTP:

fire test procedure

GC/MS:

gas-chromatography mass spectrometry

GC:

gas chromatography

GDP:

gross domestic product

HPLC:

high-performance liquid chromatography

HRR:

Hutchinson–Rice–Rosengren

HRR:

heat release rate

IAQ:

indoor air quality

IEC:

International Electrotechnical Commission

IMO:

International Maritime Organization

IR:

infrared

ISO:

International Organization for Standardization

LD:

Lawrence–Doniach

LD:

laser device

LD:

laser diode

MIBK:

methylisobutylketone

MS:

magnetic stirring

MS:

mass spectrometry

NFPA:

National Fire Protection Association

NIST:

National Institute of Standards and Technology

OSU:

Ohio State University

PA:

polyamide

PC:

personal computer

PC:

photoconductive detector

PC:

polycarbonate

PE-HD:

high-density polyethylene

PE:

polyethylene

POM:

particulate organic matter

PU:

polyurethane

PUF:

polyurethane foam

PVC:

polyvinyl chloride

RH:

relative humidity

SBI:

single burning item

SBS:

sick-building syndrome

SEC:

specific energy consumption

SER:

specific emission rate

SOLAS:

safety of life at sea

SP:

Swedish National Testing and Research Institute

SS:

spectral sensitivity

SVOC:

semi-volatile organic compound

TMR:

tunnel magneto-resistance

TVOC:

total volatile organic compound

TXIB:

2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate

UIC:

Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer

UV:

ultraviolet

VOC:

volatile organic carbon

VVOC:

very volatile organic compound

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Waste Treatment and Remedial Engineering, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany

    Franz-Georg Simon Dr.

  2. Environmental Material and Product Properties, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany

    Oliver Jann

  3. Department of Fire Technology, SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute, 501 15, Borås, Sweden

    Ulf Wickström Prof.

  4. Division III.1, Dangerous Goods Packaging, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 44–46, 12203, Berlin, Germany

    Anja Geburtig

  5. Schlettstadter Str. 116, 14169, Berlin, Germany

    Peter Trubiroha

  6. Division VI.3, Durability of Polymers, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany

    Volker Wachtendorf

Authors
  1. Franz-Georg Simon Dr.
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  2. Oliver Jann
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  3. Ulf Wickström Prof.
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  4. Anja Geburtig
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  5. Peter Trubiroha
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  6. Volker Wachtendorf
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Franz-Georg Simon Dr. , Oliver Jann , Ulf Wickström Prof. , Anja Geburtig , Peter Trubiroha or Volker Wachtendorf .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Applied Sciences Berlin, Luxemburger Strasse 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany

    Horst Czichos Prof.

  2. National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

    Tetsuya Saito

  3. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, USA

    Leslie Smith

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Simon, FG., Jann, O., Wickström, U., Geburtig, A., Trubiroha, P., Wachtendorf, V. (2011). Material–Environment Interactions. In: Czichos, H., Saito, T., Smith, L. (eds) Springer Handbook of Metrology and Testing. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16641-9_15

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