Abstract
The ability of artificial companions (virtual agents or robots) to establish meaningful relationships with users is still limited. In humans, a key aspect of such ability is empathy, often seen as the basis of social cooperation and pro-social behaviour. In this paper, we present a study where a social robot with empathic capabilities interacts with two users playing a chess game against each other. During the game, the agent behaves in an empathic manner towards one of the players and in a neutral way towards the other. In an experiment conducted with 40 participants, results showed that users to whom the robot was empathic provided higher ratings in terms of companionship.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Measuring friendship quality in late adolescents and young adults: Mcgill friendship questionnaires. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science 31(1), 130–132 (1999)
Bickmore, T., Picard, R.: Establishing and maintaining long-term human-computer relationships. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) 12(2), 327 (2005)
Brave, S., Nass, C., Hutchinson, K.: Computers that care: investigating the effects of orientation of emotion exhibited by an embodied computer agent. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud. 62(2), 161–178 (2005)
Castellano, G., Leite, I., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Paiva, A., McOwan, P.: It’s all in the game: Towards an affect sensitive and context aware game companion, pp. 1 –8 (September 2009)
Conati, C., Maclaren, H.: Empirically building and evaluating a probabilistic model of user affect. User Model. User-Adapt. Interact. 19(3), 267–303 (2009)
Cooper, B., Brna, P., Martins, A.: Effective affective in intelligent systems - building on evidence of empathy in teaching and learning. In: Paiva, A.C.R. (ed.) IWAI 1999. LNCS, vol. 1814, pp. 21–34. Springer, Heidelberg (2000)
Goldstein, A.P., Michaels, G.Y.: Empathy: development, training, and consequences. In: Goldstein, A.P., Michaels, G.Y. (eds.) New American Library (1985)
Kapoor, A., Burleson, W., Picard, R.W.: Automatic prediction of frustration. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 65(8), 724–736 (2007)
Leite, I., Martinho, C., Pereira, A., Paiva, A.: icat: an affective game buddy based on anticipatory mechanisms. In: Padgham, L., Parkes, D.C., Müller, J., Parsons, S. (eds.) AAMAS (3), pp. 1229–1232. IFAAMAS (2008)
Nguyen, H., Masthoff, J.: Designing empathic computers: the effect of multimodal empathic feedback using animated agent. In: Chatterjee, S., Dev, P. (eds.) PERSUASIVE. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, vol. 350, p. 7. ACM Press, New York (2009)
Paiva, A., Dias, J., Sobral, D., Aylett, R., Sobreperez, P., Woods, S., Zoll, C., Hall, L.E.: Caring for agents and agents that care: Building empathic relations with synthetic agents. In: AAMAS, pp. 194–201. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos (2004)
Riek, L.D., Paul, P.C., Robinson, P.: When my robot smiles at me: Enabling human-robot rapport via real-time head gesture mimicry. Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces 3(1-2), 99–108 (2010)
Souza, L.K.: Amizade em adultos: adaptação e validação dos questionários McGill e um estudo de diferenças de género. PhD thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (2006)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Leite, I., Mascarenhas, S., Pereira, A., Martinho, C., Prada, R., Paiva, A. (2010). ”Why Can’t We Be Friends?” An Empathic Game Companion for Long-Term Interaction. In: Allbeck, J., Badler, N., Bickmore, T., Pelachaud, C., Safonova, A. (eds) Intelligent Virtual Agents. IVA 2010. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 6356. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15892-6_32
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15892-6_32
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-15891-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-15892-6
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)