Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Vascular Malformations of the Central Nervous System

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Cerebral Angiography

  • 3078 Accesses

Abstract

It was Virchow (1862–1863) who first differentiated tumors from brain angiomas, which were identified as vascular malformations of congenital derivation. The concept that brain arteriovenous malformation (BAVM) is an anomaly caused by errors during vascular development in the embryo was suggested by Cushing and Bailey (1928) and Dandy (1928). However, some difficulties in the differential diagnosis between BAVMs and tumors remained, as noted by Zülch (1957) and Russell et al. (1959). An accurate description of this pathology as a definite congenital malformation was proposed by McCormick (1966). The same author made a classification, which, with some modification (Challa et al. 1995; Yas¸argyl 1987, 1999; Chaloupka and Huddle 1998; Valavanis et al. 2004), is still valid today.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Achrol AS, Pawlikowska L, Mc Culloch CE et al (2006) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-238 G>A promoter polymorphism is associated with increased risk of new haemorrhage in the natural course of patients with brain arteriovenous malformations. Stroke 37:231

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alkadhi H, Kollias SS, Crelier GR et al (2000) Plasticity of the human motor cortex in patient with arterio – venous malformations: a functional MR imaging study. Am J Neuroradiol 21:1423

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Awad IA (1993) Dural arteriovenous malformations with aggressive clinical course. In: Awad IA, Barrow DL (eds) Dural arteriovenous malformations. AANS, Park Ridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Beltramello A, Zampieri P, Ricciardi GK et al (2005) Combined treatment of brain AVMs: analysis of 5 years (2000–2004) in the Verona experience. Interv Neuroradiol 11(Suppl 1):63

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berenstein A, Lasjaunias P (1992) Endovascular treatment of cerebral lesions, vol 4. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergui M, Bradac GB (1997) Uncommon symptomatic cerebrovascular malformations. Am J Neuroradiol 18:779

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradac GB, Riva A, Schörner W et al (1987) Cavernous sinus meningiomas: an MRI study. Neuroradiology 29:578

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradac GB, Bergui M, Stura G (2001) Endovascular treatment of brain arteriovenous malformations. Riv Neuroradiol 14:373

    Google Scholar 

  • Brocheriou I, Capron F (2004) Malformations arteriovenouses intracraniennes. Aspects anatomo-pathologiques. J Neuro­radiol (Masson) 31:359

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bulsara KR, Alesander MJ, Villavicencio AJ et al (2002) De novo cerebral arteriovenous malformations: case report. Neurosurgery 50:1137

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burrows PE, Robertson RL, Barnes PD (1996) Angiography and the evaluation of cerebrovascular disease in childhood. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 6:561

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Challa VR, Moody DM, Brown WR (1995) Vascular malformations of the central nervous system. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 54:609

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chaloupka JC, Huddle DC (1998) Classification of vascular malformations of the central nervous system. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 8:295

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colombo F, Pozza F, Chierego G et al (1994) Linear accelerator radiosurgery of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: an update. Neurosurgery 34:14

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford PM, West CR, Chadwick DW et al (1986) Arteriovenous malformations of the brain: the natural history in unoperated patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 49:1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cushing H, Bailey P (1928) Tumours arising from the blood vessels of the brain, angiomatous malformations and haemangioblastomas. Balliere, Tindall and Cox, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Dandy WS (1928) Arterio-venous aneurysms of the brain. Arch Surg 17:190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Debrun G, Aletich V, Ausman J et al (1997) Embolization of the nidus of brain AV malformations with butyl-cyanoacrylate. Neurosurgery 40:112

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia Monaco R, Alvarez H, Goulau Z et al (1990) Posterior fossa arteriovenous malformations. Angioarchitecture in relation to their haemorrhagic episodes. Neuroradiology 31:471

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia Monaco R, Rodesch G, Alvarez H et al (1993) Pseudoaneurysm within ruptured intracranial arteriovenous malformations: diagnosis and early endovascular management. Am J Neuroradiol 14:345

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez LF, Bristol RE, Porter RW et al (2005) De novo presentation of an arteriovenous malformation. Case report. J Neurosurg 102:726

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grzyska U, Fieler J (2009) Pathophysiology and treatment of brain AVMs. Clin Neuroradiol 19:82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gunnel M, Awad IA, Finberg K et al (1996) A gender mutation as a cause of cerebral cavernous malformation in Hispanic Americans. N Engl J Med 334:946

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmeister C, Stapf C, Hartmann A et al (2000) Demographic morphological and clinical characteristics of 1289 patients with brain arteriovenous malformations. Stroke 31:1307

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Houdart E, Gobin YP, Casasco A et al (1993) A proposal angiographic classification of intracranial arteriovenous fistulae and malformations. Neuroradiology 35:381

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jellinger K (1986) Vascular malformations of the central nervous system: a morphological overview. Neurosurg Rev 9:177

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalimo H, Kaste M, Haltia M (1997) Vascular disease. In: Graham DI, Lantos PI (eds) Greenfield neuropathology, vol 1. Arnold, London, pp 345–347

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasjaunias P (1997) Vascular disease in neonates, infants and children. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasjaunias P, Burrows P, Planet C (1986a) Developmental venous anomalies (DVA). The so called venous angioma. Neurosurg Rev 9:233

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu HM, Wang YH, Chen YF et al (2003) Endovascular treatment of brainstem arteriovenous malformations. Safety and efficacy. Interv Neuroradiol 45:644

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maraire JN, Awad IA (1995) Intracranial cavernous malformations: lesion behaviour and management strategies. Neurosurgery 37:591

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marks MP, Lane B, Steinberg GK et al (1992) Intranidal aneurysms in cerebral arteriovenous malformations: evaluation and endovascular treatment. Radiology 183:355

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mast H, Young WL, Koennecke HC et al (1997) Risk of spontaneous haemorrhage after diagnosis of cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Lancet 350:1065

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mawad ME, Hilal SK, Michelson WJ et al (1984) Occlusive disease with cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Radiology 153:401

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer FB, Lombardi D, Scheithauer B et al (1990) Extraaxial cavernous haemangiomas involving the dural sinuses. J Neurosurg 73:187

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mickle JP, Quisling RG (1994) Vein of Galen fistulas. Neurosurg Clin N Am 5:529

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mullan S, Mojtahedii S, Johnson DL et al (1996a) Cerebral venous malformations-arteriovenous malformations transition forms. J Neurosurg 85:9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muller-Forell W, Valavanis A (1996) Bestimmung des Blut­ungsrisiko bei zerebralen arteriovenösen Malformationen (AVM). Klin Neuroradiol 6:71

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagaraja S, Lee KJ, Coley SC et al (2006) Stereotactic radiosurgery for brain arterio – venous malformations: quantitative MR assessment of nidal response at 1 year and angiographic factors predicting early obliteration. Neuroradiology 48:821

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newton TH, Cronquist S (1969) Involvement of the dural arteries in intracranial arteriovenous malformations. Radiology 1071:1093

    Google Scholar 

  • Ondra SL, Traupp H, George ED et al (1990) The natural history of symptomatic arteriovenous malformations of the brain: a 24 year follow-up assessment. J Neurosurg 73:387

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Osborn AG (1999) Diagnostic cerebral angiography. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostertun B, Solymosi L (1993) Magnetic resonance angiography of cerebral developmental venous anomalies. Its role in differential diagnosis. Neuroradiology 35:97

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Otten P, Pizzolato GP, Rilliet B et al (1989) A propos de 131 cas d’angiomes caavernoux (cavernoma) du SNC, repérés par l’analyes retrospective de 24535. Neurochirurgie 35:82

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Panagiotopoulos V, Gizewski E, Asgari S et al (2009) Embolization of intracranial arterio-venous malformations with ethylene – vinyl alcohol copolymer (ONYX). Am J Neuroradiol 30:99

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patel U, Gupta SC (1990) Wyburn-Mason syndrome. A case report and review of the literature. Neuroradiology 31:544

    Google Scholar 

  • Perini S, Talamini G, Pasqualin A et al (1995) Arteriovenous malformations of the brain. Risk of first bleeding, rebleeding and related risk factors in 168 untreated patients. Neuroradiology 37(Suppl 1):120

    Google Scholar 

  • Perret G, Nischioka H (1966) Report on the cooperative study of intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid haemorrhage. Section VI. Arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg 25:467

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Picard L, Bracard S, Anxionnat R et al (2005) Brain AVM embolization. Retrospective study concerning 728 patients, followed between 1984–2004. Interv Neuroradiol 11:45

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pierot L, Cognard C, Spelle L (2004) Malformations arterioveneuses cérébrales: evolution du risque hémorragique et de sa morbiditè. J Neuroradiol (Masson) 31:369

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pollock BE, Flickinger JC, Lunsford LD et al (1996) Factors that predict the bleeding risk of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Stroke 27:1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pozzati E, Acciarri N, Tognetti F, et al (1996) Groth, subsequent bleeding and de novo appearance of cerebral cavernous angiomas. Neurosurgery 38:662

    Google Scholar 

  • Raybaud CA, Strother CM, Hald JK (1989) Aneurysms of the vein of Galen: embryonic considerations and anatomical features relating to the pathogenesis of the malformation. Neuroradiology 31:109

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raymond J, Iancu D, Weill A et al (2005) Embolization as one modality in a combined strategy for the management of cerebral AV malformation. Interv Neuroradiol 11:57

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Redekop G, Terbrugge K, Montanera W et al (1998) Arterial aneurysms associated with cerebral arteriovenous malformations: classification, incidence and risk of haemorrhage. J Neurosurg 89:539

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rigamonti D, Brown GB (1994) The natural history of familial cavernous malformations. Results of an ongoing study. J Neurosurg 80:422

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rigamonti D, Drayer BP, Johnson PC et al (1987) The MR imaging appearance of cavernous malformations (angio­mas). J Neurosurg 67:518

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rigamonti D, Johnson PC, Spetzler RF et al (1991) Cavernous malformation and capillary telangectasias. A spectrum within a single pathological entity. Neurosurgery 28:60

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson JR Jr, Awad IA, Little JR (1991) Natural history of the cavernous angioma. J Neurosurg 75:709

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodesch G, Lasjaunias P, Terbrugge K (1988) Lesions vasculaires arteroveineuses intracraniennes de l’enfant. Place des techniques endovsasculaires. A propos de 44 cases. Neurochirurgie 34:293

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodesch G, Malherbe V, Alvarez H et al (1995) Non galenic cerebral arteriovenous malformations in neonates and infants. Childs Nerv Syst 11:231

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez-Arias C, Martinez R, Rey G et al (2000) Recurrence in different location of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation in a child after radiosurgery. Childs Nerv Syst 16:363

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russell DS, Rubinstein LJ, Lumsden CF (1959) Tumours and hamartomas of blood vessels. In: Russel DS, Rubinstein LJ (eds) Pathology of tumours of the nervous system. Arnold, London, pp 72–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Saito Y, Kobayashi N (1981) Cerebral venous angiomas. Clinical evaluation and possible etiology. Radiology 139:87

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmit BP, Burrows PE, Kuban K et al (1996) Acquired cerebral arteriovenous malformation in a child with Moya-Moya disease. Case report. J Neurosurg 84:677

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sepehrnia A, Tatagiba M, Brandis A et al (1990) Cavernous angioma of the cavernous sinus. Case report. Neurosurgery 27:151

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Song JK, Miimi Y, Kuresmiths MJ et al (2007) Posta natal growth and development of cerebral arteriovenous malformation on serial magnetic resonance imaging in a child with haemangiomatosis. J Neurosurg 106(Suppl 5):384

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spetzler RF, Martin NA (1986) A proposed grading system for arterio – venous malformations. J Neurosurg 65:4–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Stapf C, Labovitz DL, Sciacca RR et al (2002) Incidence of adult brain arteriovenous malformation haemorrhage in a prospective population-based stroke survey. Cerebrovasc Dis 13:43

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stapf C, Mast H, Sciacca R et al (2006) Predictors of haemorrhage in patients with untreated brain arteriovenous malformations. Neurology 66:1350

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens J, Leach JL, Abruzzo T et al (2009) De novo cerebral arteriovenous malformations: case report and literature review. Am J Neuroradiol 30:111

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turjman F, Massoud TF, Vinuela F et al (1994) Aneurysms related to cerebral arteriovenous malformations: superselective angiographic assessment in 58 patient. Am J Neuro­radiol 15:1601

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turjman F, Massoud TF, Vinuela F et al (1995) Correlation of the angioarchitectural features of cerebral arteriovenous malformations with clinical presentation of haemorrhage. Neurosurgery 37:856

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valavanis A (1996) The role of angiography in the evaluation of cerebral vascular malformations. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 6:679

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valavanis A, Yaşargil MG (1998) The endovascular treatment of brain arterovenous malformations. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg 24:131

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valavanis A, Pangalu A, Tanaka M (2004) Endovascular treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations with emphasis on the curative role of embolization. Swiss Arch Neurol Psychiatr 7:341

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinuela F, Nombela L, Roach MR et al (1985) Stenotic and occlusive disease of the venous drainage system of deep brain AVMs. J Neurosurg 63:180

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vinuela F, Duckwiller GR, Johan R et al (2005) Therapeutic management of cerebral arterio – venous malformations. Present role of interventional Neuroradiology. Interv Neuroradiol 11:13

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Willinsky R, Lasjaunias P, Terbrugge K et al (1988) Brain arteriovenous malformations. An analysis of the angioarchitecture in relationship to haemorrhage. J Neuroradiol (Masson) 15:225

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willinsky R, Lasjaunias P, Terbrugge K et al (1990) Multiple cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Review of our experience from 203 patients with cerebrovascular lesions. Neuro­radiology 32:207

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zambranski JM, Wascher TM, Spetzler RF et al (1994) The natural history of familial cavernous malformations. Results of an ongoing study. J Neurosurg 80:422

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin Ospedale Molinette, Via Cherasco 15, 10126, Turin, Italy

    Gianni Boris Bradac MD (Professor Emeritus of Neuroradiology)

Authors
  1. Gianni Boris Bradac MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gianni Boris Bradac MD .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bradac, G.B. (2011). Vascular Malformations of the Central Nervous System. In: Cerebral Angiography. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15678-6_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15678-6_12

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-15677-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-15678-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation