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Principles of Identification

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Chemical Identification and its Quality Assurance

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Abstract

In this initial chapter, concepts and terms related to qualitative chemical analysis are outlined and discussed. Chemical identification is defined as assigning an analyte to one from known chemical compounds or a group/class of compounds. General principles for identification through the use of chemical tests and instrumental measurements are formulated. Qualitative analytical procedures and approaches to implement them are classified. Components of identification procedures are further described. Objects for identification such as compounds, substances, and analyzed samples are discussed in great detail, including identifiers of the objects. Known chemical substances, which amount to more than 110 million entities, are statistically reviewed. Finally, two key metrological issues, traceability in identification operations and qualitative scale of measurements, are discussed.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Different properties of chemical substances are usually correlated. So mismatch in one property for a pair of compounds will lead to a difference in plenty of other properties. On the contrary, the match in a few properties (but not the only one) between an analyte and the compound A will probably result in (a) matching all others, and (b) difference from those of other compounds, followed by (c) reliable identification of an analyte as A.

    For negative identification of a target, a mismatch rather than a match in properties should be proved.

  2. 2.

    Consideration of physical quantities as continuous ones is an approximation ignoring the discrete structure of matter and quantum effects. So they can be more properly named “quasi-continuous quantities”.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. D.I. Mendeleyev Inst. for Metrology (VNIIM) and Cent. for Ecol. Saf. of Russ. Acad. of Sciences, 65, 9 Morskaya nab, 199226, St. Petersburg, Russia

    Boris L. Milman

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  1. Boris L. Milman
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Correspondence to Boris L. Milman .

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Milman, B.L. (2011). Principles of Identification. In: Chemical Identification and its Quality Assurance. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15361-7_1

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