Abstract
It is widely known that electronic structures of metal/organic semiconductors and organic–organic interfaces have significant influences on performance of organic light-emitting devices. However, relatively little works have been done on their influences on organic photovoltaic devices. In this chapter, effects of deposition condition, deposition sequence, and substrate work function in controlling the energy level alignment between copper phthalocyanine and fullerene are introduced. In addition, effects of metal doping on the exciton blocker/cathode interface are summarized. Implications of these changes in interfacial electronic structures to the performance of OPV devices are discussed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Li G, Shrotriya V, Huang J et al (2005) High-efficiency solution processable polymer photovoltaic cells by self-organization of polymer blends. Nat Mater 4:864–868
Kim Y, Cook S, Tuladhar SM et al (2006) A strong regioregularity effect in self-organizing conjugated polymer films and high-efficiency polythiophene:fullerene solar cells. Nat Mater 5:197–203
Drechsel J, Männig B, Kozlowski F et al (2005) Efficient organic solar cells based on a double p-i-n architecture using doped wide-gap transport layers. Appl Phys Lett 86:244102
Shrotriya V, Wu EHE, Li G et al (2006) Efficient light harvesting in multiple-device stacked structure for polymer solar cells. Appl Phys Lett 88:064104
Shao Y, Yang Y (2005) Efficient organic heterojunction photovoltaic cells based on triplet materials. Adv Mater 17:2841
Tang CW (1986) Two-layer organic photovoltaic cell. Appl Phys Lett 48:183
Rand BP, Burk DP, Forrest SR (2007) Offset energies at organic semiconductor heterojunctions and their influence on the open-circuit voltage of thin-film solar cells. Phys Rev B 75:115327
Schilinsky P, Waldauf C, Brabec CJ (2002) Recombination and loss analysis in polythiophene based bulk heterojunction photodetectors. Appl Phys Lett 81:3885
Karg S, Riess W, Dyakonov V et al (1993) Electrical and optical characterization of poly(phenylene-vinylene) light emitting diodes. Synth Met 54:427
Brabec CJ, Cravino A, Meissner D et al (2001) Origin of the Open Circuit Voltage of Plastic Solar Cells. Adv Funct Mater 11:374
Scharber MC, Mühlbacher D, Koppe M et al (2006) Design rules for donors in bulk-heterojunction solar cells – towards 10% energy-conversion efficiency. Adv Mater 18:789
Lee ST, Hou XY, Mason MG et al (1998) Energy level alignment at Alq/metal interfaces. Appl Phys Lett 72:1593
Ishii H, Sugiyama K, Ito E et al (1999) Energy Level Alignment and Interfacial Electronic Structures at Organic/Metal and Organic/Organic Interfaces. Adv Mater 11:605
Kahn A, Koch N, Gao W et al (2003) Electronic structure and electrical properties of interfaces between metals and π-conjugated molecular films. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 41:2529
Vázquez H, Gao W, Flores F et al (2005) Energy level alignment at organic heterojunctions: role of the charge neutrality level. Phys Rev B 71:041306
Vázquez H, Flores F, Kahn A et al (2007) Induced Density of States model for weakly-interacting organic semiconductor interfaces. Org Electron 8:241
Lau KM, Tang JX, Sun HY et al (2006) Interfacial electronic structure of copper phthalocyanine and copper hexadecafluorophthalocyanine studied by photoemission. Appl Phys Lett 88:173513
Bhosle V, Prater JT, Yang F et al (2007) Gallium-doped zinc oxide films as transparent electrodes for organic solar cell applications. J Appl Phys 102:023501
Hong ZR, Liang CJ, Sun XY et al (2006) Characterization of organic photovoltaic devices with indium-tin-oxide anode treated by plasma in various gases. J Appl Phys 100:093711
Tang JX, Lau KM, Lee CS et al (2006) Substrate effects on the electronic properties of an organic/organic heterojunctions. Appl Phys Lett 88:232103
Tang JX, Lee CS, Lee ST (2007) Electronic structures of organic/organic heterojunctions: From vacuum level alignment to Fermi level pinning. J Appl Phys 101:064504
Zhou YC, Liu ZT, Tang JX et al (2009) Substrate dependence of energy level alignment at the donor–acceptor interface in organic photovoltaic devices. J Electron Spectrosc Relat Phenom 174:35–39
Rusu M, Strotmann J, Vogel M et al (2007) Effects of oxygen and illumination on the photovoltaic properties of organic solar cells based on phtalocyanine:fullerene bulk heterojunctions. Appl Phys Lett 90:153511
Song QL, Wang ML, Obbard EG et al (2006) Degradation of small-molecule organic solar cells. Appl Phys Lett 89:251118
Wu HR, Song QL, Wang ML et al (2007) Stable small-molecule organic solar cells with 1, 3, 5-tris(2-N-phenylbenzimidazolyl) benzene as an organic buffer. Thin Solid Films 515:8050
Tanaka Y, Kanai K, Ouchi Y et al (2007) Oxygen effect on the interfacial electronic structure of C60 film studied by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. Chem Phys Lett 441:63
Drechsel J, Männig B, Kozlowski F et al (2005) Efficient organic solar cells based on a double p-i-n architecture using doped wide-gap transport layers. Appl Phys Lett 86:244102
Shen L, Zhu G, Guo W et al (2008) Performance improvement of TiO2/P3HT solar cells using CuPc as a sensitizer. Appl Phys Lett 92:073307
Tang JX, Zhou YC, Liu ZT et al (2008) Interfacial electronic structures in an organic double-heterostructure photovoltaic cell. Appl Phys Lett 93:043512
Hamed A, Sun YY, Tao YK et al (1993) Effects of oxygen and illumination on the in situ conductivity of C60 thin films. Phys Rev B 47:10873
Ng TW, Lo MF, Zhou YC et al (2009) Ambient effects on fullerene/copper phthalocyanine photovoltaic interface. Appl Phys Lett 94:193304
Crispin X, Geskin V, Crispin A et al (2002) Characterization of the interface dipole at organic/metal interfaces. J Am Chem Soc 124:8131
Koch N, Kahn A, Ghijsen J et al (2003) Conjugated organic molecules on metal versus polymer electrodes: Demonstration of a key energy level alignment mechanism. Appl Phys Lett 82:70
Li N, Lassiter BE, Lunt RR et al (2009) Open circuit voltage enhancement due to reduced dark current in small molecule photovoltaic cells. Appl Phys Lett 94:023307
Ng TW, Lo MF, Liu ZT et al (2009) Substrate effects on the interface electronic properties of organic photovoltaic devices with an inverted C60/CuPc junction. J Appl Phys 106:114501
Peumans P, Bulović V, Forrest SR (2000) Efficient photon harvesting at high optical intensities in ultrathin organic double-heterostructure photovoltaic diodes. Appl Phys Lett 76:2650
Peumans P, Forrest SR (2001) Very-high-efficiency double-heterostructure copper phthalocyanine/C60 photovoltaic cells. Appl Phys Lett 79:126
Kim JY, Kim SH, Lee HH et al (2006) New architecture for high-efficiency polymer photovoltaic cells using solution-based titanium oxide as an optical spacer. Adv Mater 18:572
Hänsel H, Zettl H, Krausch G et al (2003) Optical and electronic contribution in double-heterojunction organic thin-film solar cell. Adv Mater 15:2056
Rand BP, Li J, Xue J et al (2005) Organic double-heterostructure photovoltaic cells employing thick Tris(acetylacetonato)ruthenium(III) exciton-blocking layers. Adv Mater 17:2714
Peumans P, Yakimov A, Forrest SR (2003) Small molecular weight organic thin-film photodetectors and solar cells. J Appl Phys 93:3693
Kido J, Matsumoto T (1998) Bright organic electroluminescent devices having a metal-doped electron-injecting layer. Appl Phys Lett 73:2866
Chan MY, Lai SL, Fung MK et al (2003) Efficient CsF/Yb/Ag cathodes for organic light-emitting devices. Appl Phys Lett 82:1784
Kwon S, Kim SC, Kim Y et al (2001) Photoemission spectroscopy study of Alq3 and metal mixed interfaces. Appl Phys Lett 79:4595
Chan MY, Lai SL, Lau KM et al (2006) Doping-induced efficiency enhancement in organic photovoltaic devices. Appl Phys Lett 89:163515
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lo, M.F. et al. (2010). Implications of Interfacial Electronics to Performance of Organic Photovoltaic Devices. In: Yam, V. (eds) WOLEDs and Organic Photovoltaics. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14935-1_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14935-1_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-14934-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-14935-1
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)