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Nuclear Evolution of Stars

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Stellar Physics

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Abstract

After seminal studies [878], the calculations of stellar evolution have been performed by various groups of researchers in a wide mass range with use of increasingly more powerful computers. There is presently (2001) a general understanding of the nuclear evolution of a star from the main sequence (MS) to a white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole formation. However, although much effort has gone into solving these problems, we now have but a crude evolutionary scheme, and many details are not sufficiently reliable. The results of calculations made by diverse authors, though qualitatively similar, differ in detail. A major reason is the uncertainty in most of the physical grounds of the stellar evolution theory, such as convection, mixing, rates of nuclear reactions at low energies, and others.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The description of convection in [462] is even more simplified.

  2. 2.

    See, however, [938], Fig. 9.18 and Table 9.8.

  3. 3.

    A modified version of Paczynski’s program allowing stable running in rapid evolutionary phases, based on a special choice of the calculation of the derivatives for different functions in difference equations, has been used in [779], see also Chap. 6, Vol. 1; input into luminosity due to traversing of the boundary of chemical composition jump by the convective zone is correctly calculated in [781].

  4. 4.

    It is asserted in [1033] that the calculations use the Ledoux criterion for convection. However, there is a good coincidence between evolutionary tracks from [1033] and [608], where the Schwarzschild criterion has been used (see Fig. 9.10). In both calculations helium burning is in the blue supergiant region.

  5. 5.

    The stellar magnitude M is defined as a logarithm of the stellar luminosity. The bolometric (total) absolute magnitude \({M}_{\mathrm{bol}} = 4.74 - 2.5\lg (L/{L}_{\odot })\). The visual magnitude (interstellar absorption is not taken into account) is \(m = M - 5 + 5\lg {d}_{\mathrm{pc}}\), d pc being the distance to the star in parsecs. For crude estimates of the spectrum, stellar magnitudes in separate spectral ranges are used; the latter are determined by the following optical filters: m U around λ = 3650A, m B around λ = 4400A, m V around λ = 5500A with Δλ ≈ 800A. Photo-visual magnitude is m ph ≈ m V . The colour index B − V ( ≡ m B − m V ) does not depend on the distance to the star and corresponds to its temperature, \(B - V \approx(7300\ \mathrm{K/{T}_{\mathrm{ef}}}) - 0.60\). More accurate definitions of stellar magnitudes taking into account the transparency curves for filters, energy distributions in the stellar spectrum and interstellar absorption are given in [15].

  6. 6.

    The core mass M c is defined as if the core boundary is in the middle of the hydrogen-burning shell [770].

  7. 7.

    In some papers (e.g., [885]), the term “flash” denotes what we call here “flash peak”, while the “relaxation cycle” is identical to our “flash”. Other terms may also be encountered in texts.

  8. 8.

    Nonlinear character of the bulk viscosity in the highly degenerate matter is due to nonlinear dependence of the reaction rate of the electron capture on the matter density, see Sect. 5.1.4, Vol.1.

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Bisnovatyi-Kogan, G.S. (2010). Nuclear Evolution of Stars. In: Stellar Physics. Astronomy and Astrophysics Library. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14734-0_3

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