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Pre-Main Sequence Evolution

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Stellar Physics

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Abstract

The matter in the Universe (its barionic component) is concentrated mainly in stars. Inside galaxies, stars contain more than 90% of the matter, and in galactic clusters, due to the existence of intercluster gas, stars contain more than 70% of the matter. The presence of heavy elements (heavier than carbon) in the intercluster gas, with an abundance of the order of one third of solar gas, indicates that almost all barionic matter in the Universe went through a stellar stage. According to modern views, the enrichment of intercluster gas by heavy elements happens due to outflow of matter from galaxies, where the production of heavy elements takes place due to stellar evolution. It follows from the cosmological models of a hot Universe that only hydrogen and helium, with very small additions of lithium, beryllium and boron, were produced in the Big Bang. All heavier elements, starting from carbon, are produced as a result of stellar evolution (see Sect.4.4, Vol. 1).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    For a critically rotating star, the centrifugal force at the equator counterbalances the surface gravity.

  2. 2.

    In orthohydrogen, nuclear and electron spins are parallel, while in parahydrogen they are antiparallel. The orthohydrogen energetic state is slightly higher than the parahydrogen state; transitions between these states give rise to an emission line of 21 cm in the radio range.

  3. 3.

    The quantity \(\Lambda (T){n}_{e}({n}_{e} + {n}_{H})\ \mathrm{erg\ c{m}^{-3}\ {s}^{-1}}\) represents the energy amount emitted by 1 cm3 of plasma in 1 s; Λ(T) is evaluated in [313].

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  1. Space Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Str. 84/32, 117997, Moskva, Russia

    Dr. Gennady S. Bisnovatyi-Kogan

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Bisnovatyi-Kogan, G.S. (2010). Pre-Main Sequence Evolution. In: Stellar Physics. Astronomy and Astrophysics Library. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14734-0_2

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