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On-Line Coupled Meteorology and Chemistry Models in the US

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Integrated Systems of Meso-Meteorological and Chemical Transport Models

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Abstract

The climate–chemistry–aerosol–cloud–radiation feedbacks are important processes occurring in the atmosphere. Accurately simulating those feedbacks requires fully-coupled meteorology, climate, and chemistry models and presents significant challenges in terms of both scientific understanding and computational demand. This review focuses on history and current status of development and application of on-line models in the US Several representative on-line coupled meteorology and chemistry models such as GATOR/GCMOM, WRF/Chem, CAM3, MIRAGE, and Caltech unified GCM are included. Major model features, physical/chemical treatments, as well as typical applications are evaluated with a focus on aerosol microphysics treatments, aerosol feedbacks to planetary boundary layer meteorology, and aerosol–cloud interactions. Recommendations for future development and improvement of on-line coupled models are provided.

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Acknowledgements

The work was supported by the the US EPA-Science to Achieve Results (STAR) program (Grant # R83337601), US EPA/Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards via RTI International contract #4-321-0210288, the NSF Career Award No. Atm-0348819, and the Memorandum of Understanding between the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the US Department of Commerce’s National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and under agreement number DW13921548. Thanks are due to Steve Ghan and Richard Easter at PNNL, Mark Z. Jacobson at Stanford University, and Alexander Baklanov at Danish Meteorological Institute for helpful discussions for MIRAGE/CAM3, GATOR/GCMOM, and early on-line models in Russia, respectively.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA

    Yang Zhang

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  1. Yang Zhang
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Correspondence to Yang Zhang .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Danish Meteorological Institute, Lyngbyvej 100, Koebenhavn, 2100, Denmark

    Alexander Baklanov

  2. Danish Meteorological Institute, Lyngbyvej 100, Koebenhavn, 2100, Denmark

    Mahura Alexander

  3. College Lane, Ctr. Atmospheric & Instrumentation, University of Hertfordshire,, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, United Kingdom

    Ranjeet Sokhi

Appendix – List of Acronyms and Symbols

Appendix – List of Acronyms and Symbols

Acronym

Definition

3D

Three-dimensional

APC

The analytical predictor of condensation

ASTEEM

The adaptive step time-split explicit Euler method

BC

Black carbon

CAM3

The community atmospheric model v. 3

CB05

The 2005 version of carbon bond mechanism

CBM-EX

The Stanford University’s extended carbon bond mechanism

CBM-Z

The Carbon-bond mechanism version Z

CCM

The NCAR community climate model

CCN

Cloud condensation nuclei

CFCs

Chlorofluorocarbons

CH4

Methane

CMAQ

The EPA’s community multiple air quality

CMU

Carnegie Mellon University

CO

Carbon monoxide

CO2

Carbon dioxide

CTMs

Chemical transport models

DEMA

The iterative dynamic effective medium approximation

DMS

Dimethyl sulfide

EQUISOLV II

The EQUIlibrium SOLVer version 2

EPA

The US Environmental Protection Agency

GCM

General circulation model

GATORG

The Gas, Aerosol, TranspOrt, Radiation, and General circulation model

GATOR/GCMOM

The Gas, Aerosol, TranspOrt, Radiation, General Circulation, Mesoscale, Ocean Model

GATOR/MMTD (or GATORM)

The gas, aerosol, transport, and radiation air quality model/a mesoscale meteorological and tracer dispersion model

GChM

The PNNL global chemistry model

H2O

Water

H2SO4

Sulfuric acid

IDN

Ice deposition nuclei

ISORROPIA

“Equilibrium” in Greek, refers to The ISORROPIA thermodynamic module

MADE/SORGAM

The Modal Aerosol Dynamics Model for Europe (MADE) with the secondary organic aerosol model (SORGAM)

MADRID

The model of aerosol dynamics, reaction, ionization, and dissolution

MARS-A

The model for an aerosol reacting system (MARS) –version A

MCCM (or MM5/Chem)

The multiscale climate chemistry model

MESA

The multicomponent equilibrium solver for aerosols

MM5

The Penn State University (PSU)/NCAR mesoscale model

MIRAGE

The model for integrated research on atmospheric global exchanges

MOSAIC

The model for simulating aerosol interactions and chemistry

MOZART4

The model for ozone and related chemical tracers version 4

MSA

Methane sulfonic acid

MTEM

The multicomponent Taylor expansion method

NCAR

The National Center for Atmospheric Research

NH4NO3

Ammonium nitrate

(NH4)2SO4

Ammonium sulfate

NO3

Nitrate radical

NOx

Nitrogen oxides

N2O

Nitrous oxide

NOAA

The national oceanic and atmospheric administration

O3

Ozone

OC

Organic carbon

PM2.5

Particles with aerodynamic diameters less than or equal to 2.5 μm

PNNL

The Pacific Northwest national laboratory

Qv

Water vapor

RACM

The regional atmospheric chemistry mechanism

RADM2

The gas-phase chemical mechanism of Regional Acid Deposition Model, version 2

RIs

Refractive indices

S(IV)

Dissolved sulfur compounds with oxidation state IV

SOA

Secondary organic aerosol

STAR

The US EPA-science to achieve results program

UCLA/GCM

The University of Los Angeles general circulation model

VOC

Volatile organic compound

WRF/Chem

The weather research forecast model with chemistry

ZSR

Zdanovskii-Stokes-Robinson

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Zhang, Y. (2010). On-Line Coupled Meteorology and Chemistry Models in the US. In: Baklanov, A., Alexander, M., Sokhi, R. (eds) Integrated Systems of Meso-Meteorological and Chemical Transport Models. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13980-2_2

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