Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The oceans

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Intraseasonal Variability in the Atmosphere-Ocean Climate System

Part of the book series: Springer Praxis Books ((ENVIRONSCI))

  • 2129 Accesses

Abstract

There is a very wide variety of intraseasonal variability (ISV) in the oceans, due to many different processes beyond forcing by tropical intraseasonal winds and heat fluxes. The main focus of this chapter, however, is on the upper-ocean response to the tropical atmospheric ISV discussed in the other chapters of this book and is most germane in this context.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Anderson, S. P., R. A. Weller, and R. B. Lukas (1996) Surface buoyancy forcing and the mixed layer of the western equatorial Pacific warm pool: Observations and 1-D model results. J. Climate, 9, 3056–3085.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Annamalai, H., R. Murtugudde, J. Potemra, S. P. Xie, P. Liu, and B. Wang (2003) Coupled dynamics over the Indian Ocean: Spring initiation of the Zonal Mode. Deep-Sea Res. II, 50, 2305–2330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnston, A. G., Y. He, and D. A. Unger (2000) A forecast product that maximizes utility for state-of-the-art seasonal climate prediction. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 81, 1271–1290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baturin, N. G. and P. P. Niiler (1997) Effects of instability waves in the mixed layer of the equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 21771–21793.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belamari, S., J.-L. Redelsperger, and M. Pontaud (2003) Dynamic role of a westerly wind burst in triggering an equatorial Pacific warm event. J. Climate, 16, 1869–1890.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belkin, I. M. and A. L. Gordon (1996) Southern Ocean fronts from the Greenwich Meridian to Tasmania. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 101, 3675–3696.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhat, G. S., S. Gadgil, P. V. H. Kumar, S. R. Kalsi, P. Madhusoodanan, V. S. N. Murty, C. V. K. P. Rao, V. R. Babu, L. V. G. Rao, and R. R. Raos (2001) BOBMEX: The Bay of Bengal monsoon experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 82, 2217–2243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blanke, B. and S. Raynaud (1997) Kinematics of the Pacific equatorial undercurrent: An Eulerian and Lagrangian approach from GCM results. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 1038–1053.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryden, H. L. (1983) The Southern Ocean. In: A. R. Robinson (Ed.), Eddies in Marine Science, Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 265–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryden, H. L. and E. C. Brady (1989) Eddy momentum and heat fluxes and their effects on the circulation of the equatorial Pacific Ocean. J. Mar. Res., 47, 55–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Busalacchi, A. J. and M. A. Cane (1985) Hindcasts of sea level variations during the 1982–83 El Niño. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 213–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chelton, D. B., M. H. Freilich, and S. K. Esbensen (2000a) Satellite observations of the wind jets off the Pacific coast of Central America, Part I: Case studies and statistical characteristics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 1993–2018.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chelton, D. B., M. H. Freilich, and S. K. Esbensen (2000b) Satellite observations of the wind jets off the Pacific coast of Central America, Part II: Regional relationships and dynamical considerations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 2019–2043.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chelton, D. B., F. J. Wentz, C. L. Gentemann, R. A. deSzoeke, and M. G. Schlax (2000c) Satellite microwave SST observation of transequatorial Tropical Instability Waves. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1239–1242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chelton, D. B., S. K. Esbensen, M. G. Schlax, N. Thum, M. H. Freilich, F. J. Wentz, C. L. Gentemann, M. J. McPhaden, and P. S. Schopf (2001) Observations of coupling between surface wind stress and sea surface temperature in the eastern tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 14, 1479–1498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chelton, D. B., M. G. Schlax, J. M. Lyman, and G. C. Johnson (2003) Equatorially trapped Rossby waves in the presence of meridionally sheared baroclinic flow in the Pacific Ocean. Prog. Oceanogr., 56, 323–380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, A. J. (1994) Why are surface equatorial ENSO winds anomalously westerly under anomalous large-scale convection? J. Climate, 7, 1623–1627.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, A. J. and R. Ahmed (1999) Dynamics of remotely forced intraseasonal oscillations off the western coast of South America. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 240–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Contreras, R. F. (2002) Long-term observations of tropical instability waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 2715–2722.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, M. D. (1980) Generation and propagation of 30-day waves in a numerical model of the Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 1168–1186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cravatte, S., J. Picaut, and G. Eldin (2003) Second and first baroclinic modes in the equatorial Pacific at intraseasonal timescales. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 3226, doi: 10.1029/2002JC001511.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cronin, M. F. and M. J. McPhaden (1997) The upper ocean heat balance in the western equatorial Pacific warm pool during September–December 1992. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 8533–8553.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cronin, M. F. and M. J. McPhaden (2002) Barrier layer formation during westerly wind bursts. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8020, doi: 10.1029/2001JC001171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cronin, M. F., M. J. McPhaden, and R. H. Weisberg (2000) Wind-forced reversing jets in the western equatorial Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 657–676.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delcroix, T., G. Eldin, M. J. McPhaden, and A. Morliere (1993) Effects of westerly wind bursts upon the western equatorial Pacific Ocean, February–April 1991. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 16379–16385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ducet, N. and P. Y. LeTraon (2001) A comparison of surface eddy kinetic energy and Reynolds stresses in the Gulf Stream and the Kuroshio Current systems from merged TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-1/2 altimetric data. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 16603–16662.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durland, T. S. and B. Qiu (2003) Transmission of subinertial Kelvin waves through a strait. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 1337–1350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eigenheer, A. and D. Quadfasel (2000) Seasonal variability of the Bay of Bengal circulation inferred from TOPEX/Poseidon altimetry. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 3243–3252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eldin, G., T. Delcroix, C. Henin, K. Richards, Y. duPenhoat, J. Picaut, and P. Rual (1994) Large-scale current and thermohaline structures along 156° during the COARE intensive observing period. Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2681–2684.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Enfield, D. B. (1987) The intraseasonal oscillation in eastern Pacific sea levels: How is it forced? J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 1860–1876.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Enfield, D. B. and R. Lukas (1983) Low-frequency sea level variability along the South American coast in 1981–83. Trop. Ocean–Atmos. Newslett., 28, 2–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fedorov, A. V. (2002) The response of the coupled tropical ocean–atmosphere to westerly wind bursts. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 128, 1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feng, M. and S. Wijffels (2002) Intraseasonal variability in the South Equatorial Current of the east Indian Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 265–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fink, A. and P. Speth (1997) Some potential forcing mechanisms of the year-to-year variability of the tropical convection and its intraseasonal (25–70-day) variability. Int. J. Climatol., 17, 1513–1534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flament, P. J., S. C. Kennan, R. A. Knox, P. P. Niiler, and R. L. Bernstein (1996) The three- dimensional structure of an upper-ocean vortex in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Nature, 383, 610–613.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fu, L.-L., E. J. Christensen, C. A. Yamarone, M. Lefebvre, Y. Menard, M. Dorrer, and P. Escudier (1994) TOPEX/POSEIDON mission overview. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24369–24382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giese, B. S. and D. E. Harrison (1990) Aspects of the Kelvin wave response to episodic wind forcing. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 95, 7289–7312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giese, B. S. and D. E. Harrison (1991) Eastern equatorial Pacific response to three composite westerly wind types. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3239–3248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giese, B. S., J. A. Carton, and L. J. Holl (1994) Sea level variability in the eastern Pacific as observed by TOPEX and Tropical Ocean Global–Atmosphere Tropical Atmosphere–Ocean experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24739–24748.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gille, S. T. (2003) Float observation of the Southern Ocean, Part II: Eddy fluxes. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 1182–1196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gille, S. T. and K. A. Kelly (1996) Scales of spatial and temporal variability in the Southern Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 8759–8773.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Godfrey, J. S. (1989) A Sverdrup model of the depth-integrated flow for the world ocean, allowing for island circulations. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 45, 89–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Godfrey, J. S., R. A. Houze, R. H. Johnson, R. Lukas, J.-L. Redelsperger, A. Sumi, and R. Weller (1998) Coupled Ocean–atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE): An interim report. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14395–14450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goni, G. J. and I. Wainer (2001) Investigation of the Brazil Current front variability from altimeter data. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 31117–31128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gould, J., D. Roemmich, S. Wijffels, H. Freeland, M. Ignaszewsky, X. Jianping, S. Pouliquen, Y. Desaubies, U. Send, and K. Radhakrishman (2004) Argo profiling floats bring new era of in situ ocean observations. EOS, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 85, 179–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutzler, D. S. (1991) Interannual fluctuations of intraseasonal variance of near-equatorial zonal winds. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3173–3185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halpern, D., R. A. Knox, and D. S. Luther (1988) Observations of 20-day period meridional current oscillations in the upper ocean along the Pacific equator. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 1514–1534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Han, W., J. P. McCreary, D. L. T. Anderson, and A. J. Mariano (1999) On the dynamics of the eastward surface jets in the equatorial Indian Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 2191–2209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Han, W., D. M. Lawrence, and P. J. Webster (2001a) Dynamical response of equatorial Indian Ocean to intraseasonal winds: Zonal flow. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 4215–4218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Han, W., J. P. McCreary, and K. E. Kohler (2001b) Influence of precipitation minus evaporation and Bay of Bengal rivers on dynamics, thermodynamics, and mixed layer physics in the upper Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 6895–6916.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, D. V. and G. A. Maul (1991) Anticyclonic current rings in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 6965–6979.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, D. V. and C. A. Paul (1984) Genesis and effect of long waves in the equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 10431–10440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. P., L. J. Mangum, J. Picaut, A. Sumi, and K. Takeuchi (1991) TOGA-TAO: A moored array for real-time measurements in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 72, 339–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hendon, H. H. and M. L. Salby (1994) The life cycle of the Madden–Julian Oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2225–2231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hendon, H. H., B. Liebmann, and J. D. Glick (1998) Oceanic Kelvin waves and the Madden–Julian Oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 88–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hendon, H. H., C. Zhang, and J. D. Glick (1999) Interannual variability of the Madden–Julian Oscillation during austral summer. J. Climate, 12, 2358–2550.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hisard, P., J. Merle, and B. Voituriez (1970) The equatorial undercurrent observed at 170°E in March and April 1967. J. Mar. Res., 28, 281–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogg, N. G. and W. E. Johns (1995) Western boundary currents. Rev. Geophys., 33, 1311–1334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hormazabal, S., G. Shaffer, J. Letelier, and O. Ulloa (2001) Local and remote forcing of sea surface temperature in the coastal upwelling system off Chile. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 106(C8), 16657–16671.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hormazabal, S., G. Shaffer, and O. Pizarro (2002) Tropical Pacific control of intraseasonal oscillations off Chile by way of oceanic and atmospheric pathways. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, Art. 1081.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, C. W. and E. R. Ash (2001) Eddy forcing of the mean flow in the Southern Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 2713–2722.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurd, W. E. (1929) Northers of the Gulf of Tehuantepec. Mon. Wea. Rev., 57, 192–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, T. G. (1993) Equatorial variability and resonance in a wind-driven Indian Ocean model. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 22533–22552.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, E. S. and D. S. Luther (1994) Mean zonal momentum balance in the upper and central equatorial Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 7689–7705.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, E. S. and M. J. McPhaden (1993a) Structure of intraseasonal Kelvin waves in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 608–625.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, E. S. and M. J. McPhaden (1993b) Effects of a 3-dimensional mean flow on intraseasonal Kelvin waves in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 98, 10185–10194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, G. C., M. J. McPhaden, and E. Firing (2001) Equatorial Pacific Ocean horizontal velocity, divergence and upwelling. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 839–849.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, G. C., B. M. Sloyan, W. S. Kessler, and K. E. McTaggart (2002) Direct measurements of upper ocean currents and water properties across the equatorial Pacific during the 1990s. Prog. Oceanogr., 52, 31–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, W. S. (2001) EOF representations of the Madden–Julian Oscillation and its connection with ENSO. J. Climate, 14, 3055–3061.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, W. S. (2002a) Mean three-dimensional circulation in the northeast tropical Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 2457–2471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, W. S. (2002b) Is ENSO a cycle or a series of events? Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 2125, doi: 1029/2002GL015924.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, W. S. and R. Kleeman (2000) Rectification of the Madden–Julian Oscillation into the ENSO cycle. J. Climate, 13, 3560–3575.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, W. S. and M. J. McPhaden (1995a) Oceanic equatorial waves and the 1991–93 El Niño. J. Climate, 8, 1757–1774.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, W. S. and M. J. McPhaden (1995b) The 1991–93 El Niño in the central Pacific. Deep-Sea Res. II, 42, 295–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, W. S., M. J. McPhaden, and K. M. Weickmann (1995) Forcing of intraseasonal Kelvin waves in the equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 10613–10631.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, W. S., L. M. Rothstein, and D. Chen (1998) The annual cycle of SST in the eastern tropical Pacific, diagnosed in an ocean GCM. J. Climate, 11, 777–799.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, W. S., G. C. Johnson, and D. W. Moore (2003) Sverdrup and nonlinear dynamics of the Pacific equatorial currents. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 994–1008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kindle, J. C. and P. A. Phoebus (1995) The ocean response to operational wind bursts during the 1991–92 El Nifio. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 4803–4920.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kindle, J. C. and J. D. Thompson (1989) The 26- and 50-day oscillations in the western Indian Ocean: Model results. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 4721–4736.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kutsuwada, K. and M. J. McPhaden (2002) Intraseasonal variations in the upper equatorial Pacific Ocean prior to and during the 1997–98 El Niño. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32(4), 1133–1149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lagerloef, G. S. E., G. T. Mitchum, R. B. Lukas, and P. P. Niiler (1999) Tropical Pacific near- surface currents estimated from altimeter, wind and drifter data. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 23313–23326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Latif, M., J. Biercamp, and H. von Storch (1988) The response of a coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model to wind bursts. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 964–979.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Legeckis, R. (1977) Long waves in the eastern equatorial ocean: A view from a geostationary satellite. Science, 197, 1179–1181.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lengaigne, M., J. P. Boulanger, C. Menkes, S. Masson, G. Madec, and P. Delecluse (2002) Ocean response to the March 1997 westerly wind event. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 107(C12), Art. 8015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levitus, S. (1994) Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean (NOAA Prof. Pap. No. 13). U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loschnigg, J. and P. J. Webster (2000) A coupled ocean–atmosphere system of SST modulation for the Indian Ocean. J. Climate, 13, 3342–3360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lukas, R. and E. Lindstrom (1991) The mixed layer of the western equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3343–3357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lukas, R., S. P. Hayes, and K. Wyrtki (1984) Equatorial sea level response during the 1982–1983 El Nifio. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 10425–10430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luther, D. S. and E. S. Johnson (1990) Eddy energetics in the upper equatorial Pacific during the Hawaii-to-Tahiti Shuttle Experiment. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 913–944.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luyten, J. R. and D. H. Roemmich (1982) Equatorial currents at semi-annual period in the Indian Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 406–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madden, R. A. and P. A. Julian (1994) Observations of the 40–50-day tropical oscillation: A review. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 814–837.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mariano, A. J., E. H. Ryan, B. D. Perkins, and S. Smithers (1995) The Mariano Global Surface Velocity Analysis 1.0 (Technical Report, CG-D-34-95). U.S. Coast Guard.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masina, S. and S. G. H. Philander (1999) An analysis of tropical instability waves in a numerical model of the Pacific Ocean, Part 1: Spatial variability of the waves. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 29613–29635.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masina, S., S. G. H. Philander, and A. B. G. Bush (1999) An analysis of tropical instability waves in a numerical model of the Pacific Ocean, Part 2: Generation and energetics of the waves. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 29637–29661.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masson, S., P. Delecluse, J.-P. Boulanger, and C. Menkes (2002) A model study of the seasonal variability and formation mechanisms of the barrier layer in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8017, doi: 10.1029/2001JC000832.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masson, S., P. Delecluse, and J.-P. Boulanger (2003) Impacts of salinity on the eastern Indian Ocean during the termination of the fall Wyrtki Jet. J. Geophys. Res., 108, doi: 10.1029/2001JC00083.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClain, C. R., J. R. Christian, S. R. Signorinin, M. R. Lewis, I. Asanuma, D. Turk, and C. Dupouy-Douchement (2002) Satellite ocean color observations of the tropical Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. II, 49, 2533–2560.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCreary, J. P. (1984) Equatorial beams. J. Mar. Res., 42, 395–430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCreary, J. P. (1985) Modeling equatorial ocean circulation. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 17, 359–409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCreary, J. P., H. S. Lee, and D. B. Enfield (1989) Response of the coastal ocean to strong offshore winds: With application to circulations in the Gulf of Tehuantepec and Papagayo. J. Mar. Res., 47, 81–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCreary, J. P., P. K. Kundu, and R. L. Molinari (1993) A numerical investigation of dynamics, thermodynamics and mixed-layer processes in the Indian Ocean. Prog. Oceanogr., 31, 181–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McPhaden, M. J. (1995) The Tropical Atmosphere–ocean array is completed. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 76, 739–741.

    Google Scholar 

  • McPhaden, M. J. (1996) Monthly period oscillations in the Pacific North Equatorial Countercurrent. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 6337–6360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McPhaden, M. J. (1999) Genesis and evolution of the 1997–98 El Niño. Science, 283, 950–954.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McPhaden, M. J. (2002) Mixed layer temperature balance on intraseasonal timescales in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. J. Climate, 15, 2632–2647.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McPhaden, M. J. and S. P. Hayes (1991) On the variability of winds, sea surface temperature and surface layer heat content in the western equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 96(Suppl.), 3331–3342.

    Google Scholar 

  • McPhaden, M. J. and B. A. Taft (1988) Dynamics of seasonal and intraseasonal variability in the eastern equatorial Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 1713–1732.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McPhaden, M. J. and X. Yu (1999) Equatorial waves and the 1997–98 El Niño. Geophys. Res. Lett, 26, 2961–2964.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McPhaden, M. J., H. P. Freitag, S. P. Hayes, B. A. Taft, Z. Chen, and K. Wyrtki (1988) The response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to a westerly wind burst in May 1986. J. Geophys. Res, 93, 10589–10603.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McPhaden, M. J., S. P. Hayes, L. J. Mangum, and J. M. Toole (1990) Variability in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean during the 1986–87 El Niño/Southern Oscillation event. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 190–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McPhaden, M. J., F. Bahr, Y. duPenhoat, E. Firing, S. P. Hayes, P. P. Niiler, P. L. Richardson, and J. M. Toole (1992) The response of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean to westerly wind bursts during November 1989 to January 1990. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 14289–14303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Metzger, E. J., H. E. Hurlburt, J. C. Kindle, Z. Sirkes, and J. M. Pringle (1992) Hindcasting of wind-driven anomalies using a reduced gravity global ocean model. Mar. Tech. Soc. J., 26, 23–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyers, G., J.-R. Donguy, and R. Reed (1986) Evaporative cooling of the western equatorial Pacific. Nature, 312, 258–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miyama, T., J. P. McCreary, T. G. Jensen, J. Loschnigg, S. Godfrey, and A. Ishida (2003) Structure and dynamics of the Indian Ocean cross-equatorial cell. Deep-Sea Res. II, 50, 2023–2047.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, A. M. and R. Kleeman (1999) Stochastic forcing of ENSO by the intraseasonal oscillation. J. Climate, 12, 1199–1220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, A. M. and R. Kleeman (2001) The differences between the optimal perturbations of coupled models of ENSO. J. Climate, 14, 138–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, D. W. and J. P. McCreary (1990) Excitation of intermediate-frequency equatorial waves at a western ocean boundary: With application to observations from the Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 5219–5231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morrow, R., J. Church, R. Coleman, D. Chelton, and N. White (1992) Eddy momentum flux and its contribution to the Southern Ocean momentum balance. Nature, 357, 482–484.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morrow, R., R. Coleman, J. Church, and D. Chelton (1994) Surface eddy momentum flux and velocity variances in the Southern Ocean from Geosat altimetry. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 2050–2071.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Müller-Karger, F. E. and C. Fuentes-Yaco (2000) Characteristics of wind-generated rings in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 1271–1284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murtugudde, R. and A. J. Busalacchi (1999) Interannual variability of the dynamics and thermodynamics of the tropical Indian Ocean. J. Climate, 12, 2300–2326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murtugudde, R., J. P. McCreary, and A. J. Busalacchi (2000) Oceanic processes associated with anomalous events in the Indian Ocean with relevance to 1997–1998. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 3295–3306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Musman, S. (1989) Sea height wave form in equatorial waves and its interpretation. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 3303–3309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neelin, J. D., D. S. Battisti, A. C. Hirst, F.-F. Jin, Y. Wakata, T. Yamagata, and S. E. Zebiak (1998) ENSO theory. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14261–14290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, D. B. (1991) Rings in the ocean. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet Sci., 19, 283–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pedlosky, J. (1987) Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (Second Edition). Springer-Verlag, New York. 710 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perigaud, C. (1990) Sea level oscillations observed with Geosat along the two shear fronts of the Pacific North Equatorial Countercurrent. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 7239–7248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Philander, S. G. H. (1976) Instabilities of zonal equatorial currents. J. Geophys. Res., 81, 3725–3735.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Philander, S. G. H. (1978) Instabilities of zonal equatorial currents, 2. J. Geophys. Res., 83, 3679–3682.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Philander, S. G. H. and R. C. Pacanowski (1980) The generation of equatorial currents. J. Geophys. Res., 85, 1123–1136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Philander, S. G. H., W. J. Hurlin, and R. C. Pacanowski (1986) Properties of long equatorial waves in models of the seasonal cycle in the tropical Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 14207–14211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Potemra, J. T., M. E. Luther, and J. J. O’Brien (1991) The seasonal circulation of the upper ocean in the Bay of Bengal. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 12667–12683.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Potemra, J. T., S. L. Hautala, J. Sprintall, and W. Pandoe (2002) Interaction between the Indonesian Seas and the Indian Ocean in observations and numerical models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 1838–1854.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Potemra, J. T., S. L. Hautala, and J. Sprintall (2003) Vertical structure of the Indonesian Throughflow in a large-scale model. Deep-Sea Res. II, 50, 2143–2161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qiao, L. and R. H. Weisberg (1998) Tropical instability wave energetics: Observations from the Tropical Instability Wave Experiment. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 345–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu, B. (1999) Seasonal eddy field modulation of the North Pacific Subtropical Countercurrent: TOPEX/Poseidon observations and theory. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 2471–2486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu, B. (2002) The Kuroshio Extension system: Its large-scale variability and role in the midlatitude ocean–atmosphere interaction. J. Oceanogr., 58, 57–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu, B., M. Mao, and Y. Kashino (1999) Intraseasonal variability in the Indo-Pacific Throughflow and the regions surrounding the Indonesian Seas. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 1599–1618.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ralph, E. A., K. Bi, P. P. Niiler, and Y. duPenhoat (1997) A Lagrangian description of the western equatorial Pacific response to the wind burst of December 1992: Heat advection in the warm pool. J. Climate, 10, 1706–1721.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramanathan, V. and W. Collins (1991) Thermodynamic regulation of ocean warming by cirrus clouds deduced from observations of the 1987 El Niño. Nature, 351, 27–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raymond, D. J. (2001) A new model of the Madden–Julian Oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 2807–2819.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reppin, J., F. A. Schott, J. Fischer, and D. Quadfasel (1999) Equatorial currents and transports in the upper central Indian Ocean: Annual cycle and interannual variability. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 15495–15514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reverdin, G. (1987) The upper equatorial Indian Ocean: The climatological seasonal cycle. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 903–927.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reverdin, G. and J. Luyten (1986) Near-surface meanders in the equatorial Indian Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 1088–1100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, R. A., I. G. Ginnis, and L. M. Rothstein (1999) A numerical investigation of the local ocean response to westerly wind burst forcing in the western equatorial Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 1334–1352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ridgway, K. R. and J. R. Dunn (2003) Mesoscale structure of the mean East Australian Current System and its relationship with topography. Prog. Oceanogr., 56, 189–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roden, G. I. (1961) On the wind-driven circulation in the Gulf of Tehuantepec and its effect on surface temperatures. Geofis. Int., 1, 55–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roemmich, D. and J. Gilson (2001) Eddy transport of heat and thermocline waters in the North Pacific: A key to interannual/decadal climate variability? J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 675–687.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roemmich, D., M. Morris, W. R. Young, and J. R. Donguy (1994) Fresh equatorial jets. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 540–558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roulston, M. S. and J. D. Neelin (2000) The response of an ENSO model to climate noise, weather noise and intraseasonal forcing. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 3723–3726.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saji, N. H., B. N. Goswami, P. N. Vinayachandran, and T. Yamagata (1999) A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean. Nature, 401, 360–363.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schiller, A. and J. S. Godfrey (2003) Indian Ocean intraseasonal variability in an ocean general circulation model. J. Climate, 16, 21–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, N. (1998) The Indonesian Throughflow and the global climate system. J. Climate, 11, 676–689.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schott, F. A. and J. P. McCreary (2001) The monsoon circulation of the Indian Ocean. Prog. Oceanogr., 51, 1–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schott, F., J. Reppin, and J. Fischer (1994) Currents and transports of the Monsoon Current south of Sri Lanka. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 25127–25141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schouten, M. W., W. P. M. de Ruijter, and P. J. van Leeuwen (2002) Upstream control of Agulhas ring shedding. J. Geophys. Res., 107, doi: 10.1029/2001JC000804.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sengupta, D., R. Senan, and B. N. Goswami (2001) Origin of intraseasonal variability of circulation in the tropical central Indian Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 1267–1270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shetye, S. R., A. D. Gouveia, D. Shankar, S. S. C. Shenoi, P. N. Vinayachandran, D. Sundar, G. S. Michael, and G. Nampoothiri (1996) Hydrography and circulation in the western Bay of Bengal during the northeast monsoon. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 14011–14025.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shinoda, T. and H. H. Hendon (1998) Mixed layer modeling of intraseasonal variability in the tropical western Pacific and Indian Oceans. J. Climate, 11, 2668–2685.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shinoda, T. and H. H. Hendon (2001) Upper-ocean heat budget in response to the Madden–Julian oscillation in the western equatorial Pacific. J. Climate 14(21), 4147–4165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shinoda, T. and H. H. Hendon (2002) Rectified wind forcing and latent heat flux produced by the Madden–Julian Oscillation. J. Climate, 15(23), 3500–3508.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shinoda, T., H. H. Hendon, and J. D. Glick (1998) Intraseasonal variability of surface fluxes and sea surface temperature in the tropical western Pacific and Indian Oceans. J. Climate, 11, 1685–1702.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slingo, J. M., D. P. Rowell, K. R. Sperber, and F. Nortley (1999) On the predictability of the inter annual behavior of the Madden–Julian Oscillation and its relationship with El Niño. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 125, 583–609.

    Google Scholar 

  • Somayajulu, Y. K., V. S. N. Murty, and Y. V. B. Sarma (2003) Seasonal and interannual variability of surface circulation in the bay of Bengal from TOPEX/Poseidon altimetry. Deep-Sea Res. II, 50, 867–880.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spillane, M. C., D. B. Enfield, and J. S. Allen (1987) Intraseasonal oscillations in sea level along the west coast of the Americas. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 313–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sprintall, J. and M. J. McPhaden (1994) Surface layer variations observed in multiyear time series measurements from the western equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 963–979.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sprintall, J. and M. Tomczak (1992) Evidence of the barrier layer in the surface layer of the tropics. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7305–7316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sprintall, J., J. T. Potemra, S. L. Hautala, N. A. Bray, and W. W. Pandoe (2003) Temperature and salinity variability in the exit passages of the Indonesian Throughflow. Deep-Sea Res. II, 50, 2183–2204.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stammer, D. (1997) Global characteristics of ocean variability estimated from regional TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter measurements. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 1743–1769.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stommel, H. M. (1960) Wind-drift near the equator. Deep-Sea Res., 6, 298–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swallow, J. C. (1983) Eddies in the Indian Ocean. In: A. R. Robinson (Ed.), Eddies in Marine Science. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 200–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swenson, M. S. and D. V. Hansen (1999) Tropical Pacific Ocean mixed layer heat budget: The Pacific cold tongue. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 69–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tilburg, C. E., H. E. Hurlburt, J. J. O’Brien, and J. F. Shriver (2002) The dynamics of the East Australian Current system: The Tasman Front, the East Auckland Current, and the East Cape Current. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 2917–2943.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tomczak, M. and J. S. Godfrey (1994) Regional Oceanography: An Introduction. Pergamon Press, Oxford, U.K., 422 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trasviña, A. (1995) Offshore wind forcing in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico: The asymmetric circulation. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 12599–12618.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, P. T. H., J. J. O’Brien, and M. E. Luther (1992) The 26-day oscillation observed in satellite sea surface temperature measurements in the equatorial western Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 9605–9618.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Oldenborgh, G. J. (2000) What caused the onset of the 1997–98 El Niño? Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 2601–2607.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vecchi, G. A. and D. E. Harrison (2000) Tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies, El Niño, and westerly wind bursts. J. Climate, 13, 1814–1830.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vinayachandran, P. N. and T. Yamagata (1998) Monsoon response of the sea around Sri Lanka: Generation of thermal domes and anticyclonic vortices. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 1946–1960.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waliser, D. E., R. Murtugudde, and L. E. Lucas (2003) Indo-Pacific ocean response to atmospheric intraseasonal variability, Part I: Austral summer and the Madden–Julian Oscillation. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 3160, doi: 10.1029/2003JC001620.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waliser, D. E., R. Murtugudde, and L. E. Lucas (2004) Indo-Pacific ocean response to atmospheric intraseasonal variability, Part II: Boreal summer and the intraseasonal oscillation. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C03030, doi: 10.1029/2003JC002002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, W. and M. J. McPhaden (1999) The surface-layer heat budget in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, Part I: Mean seasonal cycle. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 1812–1831.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, P. J. and R. Lukas (1992) TOGA-COARE: The coupled ocean–atmosphere response experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Society, 73, 1377–1416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, P. J., A. M. Moore, J. P. Loschnigg, and R. R. Leben (1999) Coupled ocean–atmosphere dynamics in the Indian Ocean during 1997–98. Nature, 401, 356–360.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, P. J., E. F. Bradley, C. W. Fairall, J. S. Godfrey, P. Hacker, R. A. Houze, R. Lukas, Y. Serra, J. M. Hummon, T. D. M. Lawrence et al. (2002) The JASMINE pilot study. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Society, 83, 1603–1630.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weidman, P. D., D. L. Mickler, B. Dayyani, and G. H. Born (1999) Analysis of Legeckis eddies in the near-equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 7865–7887.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weisberg, R. H. and T. Y. Tang (1983) Equatorial ocean response to growing and moving wind systems, with application to the Atlantic. J. Mar. Res., 41, 461–486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weisberg, R. H. and C. Wang (1997) Slow variability in the equatorial west–central Pacific in relation to ENSO. J. Climate, 10, 1998–2017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weisberg, R. H., A. M. Horigan, and C. Colin (1979) Equatorially-trapped variability in the equatorial Atlantic. J. Mar. Res., 37, 67–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weller, R. A. and S. P. Anderson (1996) Surface meteorology and air–sea fluxes in the western equatorial Pacific warm pool during the TOGA coupled ocean–atmosphere response experiment. J. Climate, 9, 1959–1990.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willson, H. R. and N. W. Rees (2000) Classification of mesoscale features in the Brazil–Falkland Current confluence zone. Prog. Oceanogr., 45, 415–426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, L., Z. Liu, and H. E. Hurlburt (2000) Kelvin wave and Rossby wave interaction in the extratropical–tropical Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1259–1262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wyrtki, K. (1973) An equatorial jet in the Indian Ocean. Science, 181, 262–264.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida, K. (1959) A theory of the Cromwell Current (the equatorial undercurrent) and of equatorial upwelling. J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 15, 159–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, L. S. (2003) Variability of the depth of the 20°C isotherm along 6°N in the Bay of Bengal: Its response to remote and local forcing and its relation to satellite SSH variability. Deep-Sea Res. II, 50, 2285–2304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, Z. J. and P. S. Schopf (1997) Vertical eddy mixing in the tropical upper ocean: Its influence on zonal currents. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 1447–1458.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, Z. J., J. P. McCreary, and J. A. Proehl (1995) Meridional asymmetry and energetics of tropical instability waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 2997–3007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zebiak, S. E. (1989) On the 30–60 day oscillation and the prediction of El Niño. J. Climate, 2, 1381–1387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zebiak, S. E. and M. A. Cane (1987) A model El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 2262–2278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, C. (1996) Atmospheric intraseasonal variability at the surface in the tropical western Pacific Ocean. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 739–758.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, C. (1997) Intraseasonal variability of the upper-ocean thermal structure observed at 0° and 165°E. J. Climate, 10, 3077–3092.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, C. (2001) Intraseasonal perturbations in sea surface temperatures of the equatorial eastern Pacific and their association with the Madden–Julian Oscillation. J. Climate, 14(6), 1309–1322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, C. D. and J. Gottschalck (2002) SST anomalies of ENSO and the Madden–Julian oscillation in the equatorial Pacific. J. Climate, 15, 2429–2445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, C. and M. J. McPhaden (2000) Intraseasonal surface cooling in the equatorial western Pacific. J. Climate, 13, 2261–2276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, C., H. H. Hendon, W. S. Kessler, and A. J. Rosati (2001) A workshop on the MJO and ENSO: Meeting summary. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Society, 82, 971–976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, K. Q. and L. M. Rothstein (1998) Modeling the oceanic response to westerly wind bursts in the western equatorial Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 2227–2249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory for Atmospheres, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA

    Dr. William K. M. Lau (Chief)

  2. Earth Science and Technology Directorate Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA

    Dr. Duane E. Waliser (Chief Scientist)

Authors
  1. Dr. William K. M. Lau
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dr. Duane E. Waliser
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. William S. Kessler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lau, W.K.M., Waliser, D.E., Kessler, W.S. (2012). The oceans. In: Intraseasonal Variability in the Atmosphere-Ocean Climate System. Springer Praxis Books(). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13914-7_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation