Abstract
Since the late 1980s, many studies have been devoted to developing our theoretical understanding of the tropical ISO in order to improve model simulations and predictions. Significant progress has been achieved, although some aspects of theories remain disputable and incomplete.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anderson, J. R. (1987) Response of the tropical atmosphere to low-frequency thermal forcing. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 676–686.
Anderson, J. R. and D. E. Stevens (1987) Presence of linear wavelike modes in a zonally symmetric model of the tropical atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2115–2117.
Annamalai, H. and J. M. Slingo (2001) Active/break cycles: Diagnosis of the intraseasonal variability of the Asian Summer Monsoon. Climate Dynamics, 18, 85–102.
Arakawa, A. and W. H. Schubert (1974) Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment, Part I. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 674–701.
Betts, A. K. and M. J. Miller (1986) New convective adjustment scheme, Part 2: Single column tests using GATE wave, BOMEX, ATEX, and Arctic air-mass data sets. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 112, 693–709.
Biello, J. A. and A. J. Majda (2005) A new multiscale model for the Madden–Julian oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 1694–1721.
Blackadar, A. K. and H. Tennekes (1968) Asymptotic similarity in neutral barotropic planetary boundary layers. J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 1015–1020.
Blade, I. and D. L. Hartmann (1993) Tropical intraseasonal oscillations in a simple nonlinear model. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2922–2939.
Boos, W. R. and Z. Kuang (2010) Mechanisms of poleward propagating, intraseasonal convective anomalies in cloud system–resolving models. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 3673–3691.
Bretherton, C., P. Blossey, and M. Khairoutdinov (2005) An energy-balance analysis of deep convective self-aggregation above uniform SST. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 4237–4292.
Brown, R. G. and C. S. Bretherton (1995) Tropical wave instabilities: Convective interaction with dynamics using the Emanuel convective parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 67–82.
Chang, C.-P. (1977) Some theoretical problems of the planetary-scale monsoons. Pure Appl. Geophys., 115, 1089–1109.
Chang, C.-P. and H. Lim (1988) Kelvin wave–CISK: A possible mechanism for the 30–50 day oscillations. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1709–1720.
Chao, W. C. (1987) On the origin of the tropical intraseasonal oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1940–1949.
Chao, W. C. (1995) A critique of wave–CISK as an explanation for the 40–50 day tropical intraseasonal oscillation. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 73, 677–684.
Chao, W. C. and L. Deng (1998) Tropical intraseasonal oscillation, super cloud clusters, and cumulus convection schemes. Part II: 3D aquaplanet simulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 690–709.
Charney, J. G. and A. Eliassen (1964) On the growth of the hurricane depression. J. Atmos. Sci., 21, 68–75.
Chen, S. S., R. A. Houze Jr., and B. E. Mapes (1996) Multiscale variability of deep convection in relation to large-scale circulation during TOGA COARE. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1380–1409.
Chen, T. C. and M. Murakami (1988) The 30–50 day variation of convective activity over the western Pacific Ocean with the emphasis on the northwestern region. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 892–906.
Cho, H. R. and D. Pendlebury (1997) Wave CISK of equatorial waves and the vertical distribution of cumulus heating. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2429–2440.
Chou, S. H., C. L. Shie, R. M. Atlas, and J. Ardizzone (1995) The December 1992 westerly wind burst and its impact on evaporation determined from SSMI data. paper presented at Proc. Int. Scientific Conf. on the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Program, Melbourne, Australia. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, pp. 489–493.
Cubukcu, N. and T. N. Krishnamurti (2002) Low-frequency controls on the thresholds of sea surface temperature over the western tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 15, 1626–1642.
Davey, M. K. and A. E. Gill (1987) Experiments on tropical circulation with a simple moist model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 113, 1237–1269.
Deser, C. (1993) Diagnosis of the surface momentum balance over the tropical Pacific Ocean. J. Climate, 6, 64–74.
Drbohlav, H.-K. L. and B. Wang (2005) Mechanism of the northward propagating intraseasonal oscillation in the south Asian monsoon region: Results from a zonally averaged model. J. Climate, 18, 952–972.
Dunkerton, T. J. and F. X. Crum (1991) Scale selection and propagation of wave–CISK with conditional heating. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 69, 449–458.
Eliassen, A. (1971) On the Ekman layer in a circular vortex. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 49 (Special Issue), 784–789.
Emanuel, K. A. (1987) Air-sea interaction model of intraseasonal oscillations in the Tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2324–2340.
Emanuel, K. A. (1993) The effect of convective response time on WISHE modes. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1763–1776.
Fasullo, J. and P. J. Webster (1995) Ocean–atmosphere energetics during westerly wind bursts: The development of a conceptual model. paper presented at Proc. 20th Climate Diagnnostics Workshop, Seattle, WA, October 23–27. U.S. Department of Commerce. Springfield, VA, p. 41.
Ferranti, L., J. M. Slingo, T. N. Palmer, and B. J. Hoskins (1997) Relations between interannual and intraseasonal monsoon variability as diagnosed from AMIP integrations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 123, 1323–1357.
Flatau, M., P. J. Flatau, P. Phoebus, and P. P. Niiler (1997) The feedback between equatorial convection and local radiative and evaporative processes: The implication for intraseasonal oscillations. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2373–2386.
Fu, X. and B. Wang (2004) Different solutions of intraseasonal oscillation exist in atmosphere–ocean coupled model and atmosphere-only model. J. Climate, 17, 1263–1271.
Fu, X. and B. Wang (2009) Critical roles of the stratiform rainfall in sustaining the Madden Julian Oscillation: GCM experiments. J. Climate, 22, 3939–3959.
Fu, X., B. Wang, T. Li, and J. P. McCreary (2003) Coupling between northward propagating intraseasonal oscillations and sea-surface temperature in the Indian Ocean. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1733–1753.
Fuchs, Z. and D. J. Raymond (2005) Large-scale modes in a rotating atmosphere with radiative–convective instability and WISHE. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 4084–4094.
Fuchs, Z. and D. J. Raymond (2007) A simple, vertically resolved model of tropical disturbances with a humidity closure. Tellus, 59A, 344–354.
Gill, A. E. (1980) Some simple solutions for heat-induced tropical circulation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 106, 447–462.
Goswami, B. N. and J. Shukla (1984) Quasi-periodic oscillations in a symmetric general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 20–37.
Goswami, P. and V. Mathew (1994) A mechanism of scale selection in tropical circulation at observed intraseasonal frequencies. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3155–3166.
Grabowski, W. W. (2003) MJO-like coherent structures: Sensitivity simulations using the cloud-resolving convection parameterization (CRCP). J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 847–864.
Gualdi, S., A. Navarra, and M. Fischer (1999) The tropical intraseasonal oscillation in a coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2973–2976.
Haertel, P. T. and G. N. Kiladis (2004) Dynamics of 2-day equatorial waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 2707–2721.
Hayashi, Y. (1970) A theory of large scale equatorial waves generated by condensation heat and accelerating the zonal wind. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 48, 140–160.
Hayashi, Y. and S. Miyahara (1987) Three-dimensional linear response model of the tropical intraseasonal oscillation. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 65, 843–852.
Hayashi, Y. and A. Sumi (1986) 30–40-day oscillations simulated in an “aqua planet” model. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 64, 451–467.
Hendon, H. H. (1988) Simple model of the 40–50 day oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 569–584.
Hendon, H. H. (2000) Impact of air–sea coupling on the Madden–Julian Oscillation in a general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 3939–3952.
Hendon, H. H. and M. L. Salby (1994) The life cycle of the Madden–Julian Oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2225–2237.
Hirst, A. C. and K. M. Lau (1990) Intraseasonal and interannual oscillations in coupled ocean–atmosphere models. J. Climate, 3, 713–725.
Hoskins, B. J. and M. J. Rodwell (1995) A model of the Asian summer monsoon, Part I: The global scale. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1329–1340.
Houze, R. A., S. S. Chen, D. K. Kingsmill, Y. Serra, and S. E. Yuter (2000) Convection over the Pacific warm pool in relation to the atmospheric Kelvin–Rossby wave. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 3058–3089.
Hsu, H. H. and C. H. Weng (2001) Northwestward propagation of the intraseasonal oscillation in the western north Pacific during the boreal summer: Structure and mechanism. J. Climate, 14, 3834–3850.
Hsu, H. H., B. J. Hoskins, and F.-F. Jin (1990) The 1985/86 intraseasonal oscillation and the role of the extratropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 823–839.
Hsu, P.-C. and T. Li (2011) Interactions between boreal summer intraseasonal oscillations and synoptic-scale disturbances over the western North Pacific, Part II: Apparent heat and moisture sources and eddy momentum transport. J. Climate, 24, 942–961.
Hsu, P.-C., T. Li, and C.-H. Tsou (2011) Interactions between boreal summer intraseasonal oscillations and synoptic-scale disturbances over the western North Pacific, Part I: Energetics diagnosis. J. Climate, 24, 927–941.
Hu, Q. and D. A. Randall (1994) Low-frequency oscillations in radiative–convective systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1089–1099.
Hu, Q. and D. A. Randall (1995) Low-frequency oscillations in radiative-convective systems, Part II: An idealized model. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 478–490.
Inness, P. M. and J. M. Slingo (2003) Simulation of the Madden–Julian Oscillation in a coupled general circulation model, Part I: Comparison with observations and an atmospheric only GCM. J. Climate, 16, 345–364.
Inness, P. M., J. M. Slingo, E. Guilyardi, and C. Jeffrey (2003) Simulation of the Madden–Julian Oscillation in a coupled general circulation model, Part II: The role of the basic state. J. Climate, 16, 365–382.
Itoh, H. (1989) The mechanism for the scale selection of tropical intraseasonal oscillations, Part I: Selection of wavenumber 1 and the three-scale structure. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1779–1798.
Jiang, X. and D. E. Waliser (2008) Northward propagation of the subseasonal variability over the East Pacific Warm Pool. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L09814, doi: 10.1029/2008GL033723.
Jiang, X., T. Li, and B. Wang (2004) Structures and mechanisms of the northward propagating boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation. J. Climate, 17, 1022–1039.
Johnson, R. H. and X. Lin (1997) Episodic trade wind regimes over the western Pacific warm pool. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2020–2034.
Johnson, R. H., T. M. Rickenbarch, S. A. Rutledge, P. E. Ciesielski, and W. H. Schubert (1999) Trimodal characteristics of tropical convection. J. Climate, 12, 2397–2417.
Jones, C. and B. C. Weare (1996) The role of low-level moisture convergence and ocean latent heat fluxes in the Madden–Julian Oscillation: An observational analysis using ISCCP data and ECMWF analyses. J. Climate, 9, 3086–3104.
Jones, C., D. E. Waliser, and C. Gautier (1998) The influence of the Madden-Julian Oscillation on ocean surface heat fluxes and sea surface temperature. J. Climate, 11, 1057–1072.
Kemball-Cook, S. and B. Wang (2001) Equatorial waves and air–sea interaction in the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation. J. Climate, 14, 2923–2942.
Kemball-Cook, S. and B. C. Weare (2001) The onset of convection in the Madden–Julian Oscillation. J. Climate, 14, 780–793.
Kemball-Cook, S., B. Wang, and X. Fu (2002) Simulation of the intraseasonal oscillation in ECHAM4 model: The impact of coupling with an ocean model. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1433–1453.
Khairoutdinov, M., D. A. Randall, and C. DeMott (2005) Simulation of the atmospheric general circulation using a cloud-resolving model as a super-parameterization of physical process. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 2136–2154.
Khouider, B. and A. J. Majda (2006) A simple multicloud parameterization for convectively coupled tropical waves, Part I: Linear analysis. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 1308—1323.
Khouider, B. and A. J. Majda (2007) A simple multicloud parameterization for convectively coupled tropical waves, Part II. Nonlinear simulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 381–400.
Kikuchi, K. and B. Wang (2010) Spatiotemporal wavelet transform and the multiscale behavior of the Madden–Julian Oscillation. J. Climate, 23, 3814–3834.
Kikuchi, K. and Y. N. Takayabu (2004) Equatorial circumnavigation of moisture signal associated with the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) during the boreal winter. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 81, 851–869.
Kiladis, G. N., K. H. Straub, and P. T. Haertel (2005) Zonal and vertical structure of the Madden–Julian Oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 2790–2809.
Kiladis, G. N., M. C. Wheeler, P. T. Haertel, K. H. Straub, and P. E. Roundy (2009) Convectively coupled equatorial waves. Rev. Geophys., 47, RG2003.
Knutson, T. R., K. M. Weickmann, and J. E. Kutzbach (1986) Global-scale intraseasonal oscillations of outgoing longwave radiation and 250 mb zonal wind during northern hemisphere summer. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 605–623.
Krishnamurti, T. N. and D. Subrahmanyam (1982) The 30–50 day mode at 850mb during MONEX. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2088–2095.
Krishnamurti, T. N., P. K. Jayakumar, J. Sheng, N. Surgi, and A. Kumar (1985) Divergent circulations on the 30 to 50 day time scale. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 364–375.
Krishnamurti, T. N., D. K. Oosterhof, and A. V. Mehta (1988) Air–sea interaction on the time scale of 30 to 50 days. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1304–1322.
Krishnamurti, T. N., D. R. Chakraborty, N. Cubukcu, L. Stefanova, and T. S. V. Kumar (2003) A mechanism of the Madden–Julian Oscillation based on interactions in the frequency domain. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 129, 2559–2590.
Krishnan, R., C. Zhang, and M. Sugi (2000) Dynamics of breaks in the Indian summer monsoon. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 1354–1372.
Kuang, Z. (2008) A moisture–stratiform instability for convective coupled waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 834–854.
Kuma, K.-I. (1994) The Madden–Julian oscillation and tropical disturbances in an aqua- planet version of JMA global model with T63 and T159 resolution. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 72, 147–172.
Kuo, H. L. (1965) On formation and intensification of tropical cyclones through latent heat release by cumulus convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 22, 40–63.
Kuo, H. L. (1974) Further studies of the parameterization of the influence of cumulus convection on large-scale flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1232–1240.
Lau, K. H. and N. C. Lau (1990) Observed structure and propagation characteristics of tropical summertime synoptic scale disturbances. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1888–1913.
Lau, K. M. and P. H. Chan (1985) Aspects of the 40–50 day oscillation during northern winter as inferred from OLR. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 1889–1909.
Lau, K. M. and P. H. Chan (1986) Aspects of the 40–50 day oscillation during northern summer as inferred from OLR. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 1354–1367.
Lau, K. M. and L. Peng (1987) Origin of low-frequency (intraseasonal) oscillations in the tropical atmosphere, Part I: Basic theory. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 950–972.
Lau, K. M. and L. Peng (1990) Origin of low-frequency (intraseasonal) oscillations in the tropical atmosphere, Part III: Monsoon dynamics. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1443–1462.
Lau, K. M. and C. H. Sui (1997) Mechanisms of short-term sea surface temperature regulation: Observations during TOGA–COARE. J. Climate, 10, 465–472.
Lau, K. M. and H.-T. Wu (2003) Warm rain processes over the tropical ocean and climate implications. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(24), 2290, doi: 10.1029/2003GL018567.
Lau, K. M., L. Peng, C. H. Sui, and T. Nakazawa (1989) Dynamics of super cloud clusters, westerly wind bursts, 30–60 day oscillations and ENSO: A unified view. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 67, 205–219.
Lau, N.-C. and K. M. Lau (1986) The structure and propagation of intraseasonal oscillation appearing in a GFDL general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 2023–2047.
Lau, N.-C., I. M. Held, and J. D. Neelin (1988) The Madden–Julian Oscillation in an idealized GCM model. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3810–3832.
Lawrence, D. M. and P. J. Webster (2002) The boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation: Relationship between northward and eastward movement of convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1593–1606.
Lee, M. I., I. S. Kang, J. K. Kim, and B. E. Mapes (2001) Influence of cloud–radiation interaction on simulating tropical intraseasonal oscillation with an atmospheric general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 14219–14233.
Lee, M. I., I. S. Kang, and B. E. Mapes (2003) Impacts of cumulus convection parameterization on aqua-planet AGCM simulations of tropical intraseasonal variability. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 81, 963–992.
Li, T. and B. Wang (1994) A thermodynamic equilibrium climate model for monthly mean surface winds and precipitation over the tropical Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1372–1385.
Li, X. and H. R. Cho (1997) Development and propagation of equatorial waves. Adv. Atmos. Sci. China, 14, 323–338.
Lim, H., T. K. Lim, and C.-P. Chang (1990) Reexamination of wave–CISK theory: Existence and properties of nonlinear wave–CISK modes. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 3078–3091.
Lin, J. W.-B., J. Neelin, and N. Zeng (2000) Maintenance of tropical intraseasonal variability: Impact of evaporation–wind feedback and midlatitude storms. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 2793–2823.
Lin, J., B. E. Mapes, M. Zhang, and M. Newman (2004) Stratiform precipitation, vertical heating profiles, and the Madden–Julian Oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 296–309.
Lin, J.-L., G. N. Kiladis, B. E. Mapes, K. M. Weickmann, K. R. Sperber, W. Lin, M. C. Wheeler, S. D., Schubert, A. Del Genio, L. J. Donner et al. (2006) Tropical intraseasonal variability in 14 IPCC AR4 climate models, Part I: Convective signals. J. Climate, 19, 2665–2690, doi: 10.1175/JCLI3735.1.
Lin, X. and R. H. Johnson (1996) Kinematic and thermodynamic characteristics of the flow over the western Pacific warm pool during TOGA–COARE. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 695–715.
Lindzen, R. S. (1974) Wave–CISK and tropical spectra. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1447–1449.
Liu, P., B. Wang, K. R. Sperber, T. Li, and G. A. Meehl (2005) MJO in the NCAR CAM2 with the Tiedtke convective scheme. J. Climate, 18(15), 3007–3020.
Liu, P., M. Satoh, B. Wang, H. Fudeyasu, T. Nasuno, T. Li, H. Miura, H. Taniguchi, H. Masunaga, X. Fu et al. (2009) An MJO simulated by the NICAM at 14-km and 7-km resolutions. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 3254–3268, doi: 10.1175/2009MWR2965.1.
Madden, R. A. (1986) Seasonal variations of the 40–50 day oscillation in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 3138–3158.
Madden, R. A. and P. R. Julian (1971) Detection of a 40–50 day oscillation in the zonal wind in the tropical Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 702–708.
Madden, R. A. and P. R. Julian (1972) Description of global-scale circulation cells in the tropics with a 40–50 day period. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1109–1123.
Madden, R. A. and P. R. Julian (1994) Observations of the tropical 40–50 day oscillation: Review. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 814–837.
Majda, A. J. and J. A. Biello (2004) A multiscale model for tropical intraseasonal oscillations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A., 101, 4736–4741.
Majda, A. J. and J. A. Biello (2009) The skeleton of tropical intraseasonal oscillations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A., 106, 8417–8422.
Majda, A. J. and R. Klein (2003) Systematic multiscale models for the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 393–408.
Majda, A. J. and S. N. Stechmann (2009) A simple dynamical model with features of convective momentum transport. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 373–392.
Maloney, E. D. (2002) An intraseasonal oscillation composite life cycle in the NCAR CCM3.6 with modified convection. J. Climate, 15, 964–982.
Maloney, E. D. and D. L. Hartmann (1998) Frictional moisture convergence in a composite life cycle of the Madden–Julian Oscillation. J. Climate, 11, 2387–2403.
Maloney, E. D. and D. L. Hartmann (2001) The sensitivity of intraseasonal variability in the NCAR CCM3 to changes in convective parameterization. J. Climate, 14, 2015–2034.
Manabe, S., J. Smagorinsky, and R. F. Strickler (1965) Simulated climatology of a general circulation model with a hydrologic cycle. Mon. Wea. Rev., 93, 769–798.
Mapes, B. E. (2000) Convective inhibition, subgrid-scale triggering energy, and stratiform instability in a toy tropical wave model. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 1515–1535.
Mapes, B. E., S. Tulich, J. Lin, and P. Zuidema (2006) The mesoscale convection life cycle: Building block or prototype for large scale tropical waves? Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 42, 3–29.
Matsuno, T. (1966) Quasigeostrophic motions in the equatorial area. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 44, 25–43.
Matthews, A. J. (2000) Propagation mechanisms for the Madden–Julian Oscillation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 126, 2637–2651.
Matthews, A. J., J. M. Slingo, B. J. Hoskins, and P. M. Inness (1999) Fast and slow Kelvin waves in the Madden–Julian Oscillation of a GCM. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 125, 1473–1498.
Mehta, A. V. and E. A. Smith (1997) Variability of radiative cooling during the Asian summer monsoon and its influence on intraseasonal waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 941–966.
Moncrieff M. W. (2004) Analytic representation of the large-scale organization of tropical convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1521–1538.
Moncrieff, M. W. and E. Klinker (1997) Organized convective systems in the tropical western Pacific as a process in general circulation models: A TOGA COARE case study. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 123, 805–827.
Moskowitz, B. M. and C. S. Bretherton (2000) An analysis of frictional feedback on a moist equatorial Kelvin mode. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 2188–2206.
Milliff, R. F. and R. A. Madden (1996) The existence and vertical structure of the fast, eastward-moving disturbances in the equatorial troposphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 586–597.
Miura, H., M. Satoh, T. Nasuno, A. T. Noda, and K. Oouchi (2007) A Madden–Julian Oscillation event realistically simulated by a global cloud-resolving model. Science, 318, 1763–1765.
Murakami, T. (1980) Empirical orthogonal function analysis of satellite observed out-going longwave radiation during summer. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 205–222.
Murakami, T., B. Wang, and S. W. Lyons (1992) Summer monsoons over the Bay of Bengal and the eastern North Pacific. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 70, 191–210.
Murphree, T. and H. van den Dool (1988) Calculating winds from time mean sea level pressure fields. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3269–3281.
Nakazawa, T. (1988) Tropical super clusters within intraseasonal variations over the western Pacific. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 66, 823–839.
Nasuno, T., H. Miura, M. Satoh, A. T. Noda, and K. Oouchi (2009) Multi-scale organization of convection in a global numerical simulation of the December 2006 MJO event using explicit moist processes. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 87, 335–345.
Neelin, J. D. (1990) A hybrid coupled general circulation model for El Niño studies. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 674–693.
Neelin, J. D. and J.-Y. Yu (1994) Modes of tropical variability under convective adjustment and the Madden–Julian Oscillation, Part I: Analytical theory. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1876–1894.
Neelin, J. D., I. M. Held, and K. H. Cook (1987) Evaporation–wind feedback and low- frequency variability in the tropical atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2341–2348.
Nitta, T. (1987) Convective activities in the tropical western Pacific and their impact on the Northern Hemisphere summer monsoon. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 65, 373–390.
Ohuchi, K. and M. Yamasaki (1997) Kelvin wave–CISK controlled by surface friction: A possible mechanism of super cloud cluster. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 75, 497–511.
Oouchi, K., A. T. Noda, M. Satoh, B. Wang, S.-P. Xie, H. G. Takahashi, and T. Yasunari (2009) Asian summer monsoon simulated by a global cloud-system-resolving model: Diurnal to intra-seasonal variability. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L11815, doi: 10.1029/ 2009GL038271.
Ooyama, K. (1964) A dynamic model for the study of tropical cyclone development. Geofits. Int. (Mexico), 4, 187–198.
Pedlosky, J. (1979) Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Springer-Verlag, New York, 710 pp.
Philander, S. G. H., T. Yamagata, and R. C. Pacanowski (1984) Unstable air–sea interactions in the Tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 604–613.
Randall, D. A., Harshvardhan, D. A. Dazlich, and T. G. Corsetti (1989) Interactions among radiation, convection, and large-scale dynamics in a general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1943–1970.
Raymond, D. J. (2001) A new model of the Madden–Julian Oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 2807–2819.
Raymond, D. J. and Z. Fuchs (2007) Convectively coupled gravity and moisture modes in a simple atmospheric model. Tellus, 59A, 627–640.
Raymond, D. J. and Z. Fuchs (2009) Moisture modes and Madden–Julian Oscillation. J. Climate, 22, 3031–3046.
Rui, H. and B. Wang (1990) Development characteristics and dynamic structure of tropical intraseasonal convection anomalies. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 357–379.
Salby, M. L., R. R. Garcia, and H. H. Hendon (1994) Planetary-scale circulations in the presence of climatological and wave-induced heating. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2344–2367.
Satoh, M., T. Matsuno, H. Tomita, H. Miura, T. Nasuno, and S. Iga (2008) Nonhydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM) for global cloud resolving simulations. J. Comp. Phys., 227, 3486–3514.
Sengupta, D., B. N. Goswami, and R. Senan (2001) Coherent intraseasonal oscillations of ocean and atmosphere during the Asian summer monsoon. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 4127–4130.
Shinoda, T. and H. H. Hendon (1998) Mixed layer modeling of intraseasonal variability in the tropical western Pacific and Indian Ocean. J. Climate, 11, 2668–2685.
Shinoda, T., H. H. Hendon, and J. Glick (1998) Intraseasonal variability of surface fluxes and sea surface temperature in the tropical Western Pacific and Indian Oceans. J. Climate, 11, 1685–1702.
Short, D. and K. Nakamura (2000) TRMM radar observations of shallow precipitation over tropical oceans. J. Climate, 13, 4107–4124.
Sikka, D. R. and S. Gadgil (1980) On the maximum cloud zone and the ITCZ over Indian longitudes during the southwest monsoon. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 1840–1853.
Slingo, A. and J. M. Slingo (1988) Response of a general circulation model to cloud long-wave radiative forcing, Part 1: Introduction and initial experiments. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 114, 1027–1062.
Slingo, J. M. and R. A. Madden (1991) Characteristics of the tropical intraseasonal oscillation in the NCAR community climate model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 117, 1129–1169.
Slingo, J. M., J. S. Boyle, J.-P. Ceron, M. Dix, B. Dugas, W. Ebisuzaki, J. Fyfe, D. Gregory, J.-F. Gueremy, J. Hack et al. (1996) Intraseasonal oscillations in 15 atmospheric general circulation models: Results from an AMIP diagnostic subproject. Climate Dynamics, 12, 325–357.
Slingo, J. M., P. Inness, R. Neale, S. Woolnough, and G.-Y. Yang (2003) Scale interaction on diurnal to seasonal timescales and their relevance to model systematic errors. Geophys. Ann., 46, 139–155.
Sobel, A. H. and H. Gildor (2003) A simple time-dependent model of SST hot spas. J. Climate, 16, 3978–3992.
Solodoch, A., W. R. Boos, Z. Kuang, and E. Tziperman (2011) Excitation of intraseasonal variability in the equatorial atmosphere by Yanai wave groups via WISHE-induced convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 210–225.
Sperber, K. R. (2003) Propagation and vertical structure of the Madden–Julian Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 3018–3037.
Straub, K. H. and G. N. Kiladis (2003) Interactions between the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation and higher-frequency tropical wave activity. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 945–960.
Sui, C. H. and K. M. Lau (1989) Origin of low-frequency (intraseasonal) oscillations in the tropical atmosphere, Part 2: Structure and propagation of mobile wave–CISK modes and their modification by lower boundary forcings. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 37–56.
Takahashi, M. (1987) Theory of the slow phase speed of the intraseasonal oscillation using the wave–CISK. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 65, 43–49.
Tian, B., D. E. Waliser, E. J. Fetzer, B. H. Lambrigtsen, Y. L. Yung, and B. Wang (2006) Vertical moist thermodynamic structure and spatial–temporal evolution of the MJO in AIRS observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 2462–2485.
Ting, M. (1994) Maintenance of northern summer stationary waves in a GCM. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3286–3308.
Tomita, H., H Miura, S. Iga, T. Nasuno, and M. Satoh (2005) A global cloud-resolving simulation: Preliminary results from an aqua planet experiment. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L08805, doi: 10.1029/2005GL022459.
Tompkins, A. M. (2001) On the relationship between tropical convection and sea surface temperature. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 529–545.
Tompkins, A. M. and T. Jung (2003) Influence of process interactions on MJO-like convective structures in the IFS model. Available at http://www.ecmwf.int/publications/library/ecpublications/_pdf/workshop/2003/MJO/ws_mjo_tompkins.pdf
Waliser, D. E., K. M. Lau, and J. H. Kim (1999) The influence of coupled sea surface temperatures on the Madden–Julian Oscillation: A model perturbation experiment. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 333–358.
Waliser, D. E., K. M. Lau, W. Stern, and C. Jones (2003a) Potential predictability of the Madden–Julian Oscillation. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Society, 84, 33–50.
Waliser, D. E., K. Jin, I. S. Kang, W. F. Stern, S. D. Schubert, M. L. Wu, K. M. Lau, M. I. Lee, J. Shukla, V. Krishnamurthy et al. (2003b) AGCM simulations of intraseasonal variability associated with the Asian summer monsoon. Climate Dynamics, 21, 423–446.
Wang, B. (1988a) Dynamics of tropical low-frequency waves: An analysis of the moist Kelvin wave. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2051–2065.
Wang, B. (1988b) Comments on “An air–sea interaction model of intraseasonal oscillation in the tropics.” J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3521–3525.
Wang, B. and J. K. Chen (1989) On the zonal-scale selection and vertical structure of equatorial intraseasonal waves. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 115, 1301–1323.
Wang, B. and T. Li (1993) A simple tropical atmosphere model of relevance to short-term climate variations. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 260–284.
Wang, B. and T. Li (1994) Convective interaction with boundary-layer dynamics in the development of a tropical intraseasonal system. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1386–1400.
Wang, B. and F. Liu (2011) A model for scale interaction in the Madden–Julian Oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci. (accepted).
Wang, B. and H. Rui (1990a) Dynamics of the coupled moist Kelvin–Rossby wave on an equatorial beta-plane. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 397–413.
Wang, B. and H. Rui (1990b) Synoptic climatology of transient tropical intraseasonal convection anomalies: 1975–1985. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 44, 43–61.
Wang, W. and M. E. Schlesinger (1999) The dependence on convective parametrization of the tropical intraseasonal oscillation simulated by the UIUC 11-layer atmospheric GCM. J. Climate, 12, 1423–1457.
Wang, B. and X. Xie (1996) Low-frequency equatorial waves in vertically sheared zonal flow, Part I: Stable waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 449–467.
Wang, B. and X. Xie (1997) A model for the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 72–86.
Wang, B. and X. Xie (1998) Coupled modes of the warm pool climate system, Part I: The role of air–sea interaction in maintaining Madden–Julian Oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 11, 2116–2135.
Wang, B. and X. Xu (1997) Northern Hemisphere summer monsoon singularities and climatological intraseasonal oscillation. J. Climate, 10, 1071–1085.
Wang, B. and Y. Xue (1992) Behavior of a moist Kelvin wave packet with nonlinear heating. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 549–559.
Wang, B. and Q. Zhang (2002) Pacific–East Asian teleconnection, Part II: How the Philippine Sea anticyclone established during development of El Niño. J. Climate, 15, 3252–3265.
Wang, B., I.-S. Kang, and J.-Y. Lee (2004) Ensemble simulations of Asian–Australian monsoon variability by 11 AGCMs. J. Climate, 17, 803–818.
Wang, B., P. J. Webster, and H. Teng (2005) Antecedents and self-induction of the active- break Indian summer monsoon. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L04704.
Webster, P. J. (1983) Mechanisms of monsoon low-frequency variability: Surface hydrological effects. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2110–2124.
Webster, P. J. (1994) The role of hydrological processes in ocean–atmosphere interactions. Rev. Geophys., 32, 427–476.
Weickmann, K. M., (1983) Intraseasonal circulation and outgoing longwave radiation modes during Northern Hemisphere winter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 1838–1858.
Weller, R. A. and S. P. Anderson (1996) Surface meteorology and air–sea fluxes in the western equatorial Pacific warm pool during the TOGA Coupled Ocean–atmosphere Response Experiment. J. Climate, 9, 1959–1990.
Woolnough, S. J., J. M. Slingo, and B. J. Hoskins (2000) The relationship between convection and sea surface temperature on intraseasonal timescales. J. Climate, 13, 2086–2104.
Woolnough, S. J., J. M. Slingo, and B. J. Hoskins (2001) The organization of tropical convection by intraseasonal sea surface temperature anomalies. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 127, 887–907.
Wu, M. L. C., S. Schubert, I. S. Kang, and D. E. Waliser (2002) Forced and free intra- seasonal variability over the south Asian monsoon region simulated by 10 AGCMs. J. Climate, 15, 2862–2880.
Wu, Z. (2003) A shallow CISK, deep equilibrium mechanism for the interaction between large scale convection and large scale circulations in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 377–392.
Xie, S.-P. and A. Kubokawa (1990) On the wave–CISK in the presence of a frictional boundary layer. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 68, 651–657.
Xie, S.-P., A. Kubokawa, and K. Hanawa (1993) Evaporation-wind feedback and the organizing of tropical convection on the planetary scale, Part II: Nonlinear evolution. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3884–3893.
Xie, X. and B. Wang (1996) Low-frequency equatorial waves in vertically sheared zonal flows, Part II: Unstable waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3589–3605.
Yamagata, T. (1987) Simple moist model relevant to the origin of intraseasonal disturbances in the Tropics. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 65, 153–165.
Yamagata, T. and Y. Hayashi (1984) Simple diagnostic model for the 30–50 day oscillation in the Tropics. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 62, 709–717.
Yamasaki, M. (1969) Large-scale disturbances in the conditionally unstable atmosphere in low latitudes. Papers Meteorol. Geophys., 20, 289–336.
Yang, B, X. Fu, and B. Wang (2008) Atmosphere–ocean conditions jointly guide convection of the boreal-summer intraseasonal oscillation: Satellite observations. J. Geophys. Res., 113, D11105, doi: 10.1029/2007JD009276.
Yano, J.-I. and K. Emanuel (1991) An improved model of the equatorial troposphere and its coupling with the stratosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 377–389.
Yasunari, T. (1979) Cloudiness fluctuations associated with the Northern Hemisphere summer monsoon. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 57, 227–242.
Yasunari, T. (1980) A quasi-stationary appearance of 30–40 day period in the cloudiness fluctuations during the summer monsoon over India. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 58, 225–229.
Zhang, C. D. (1996) Atmospheric intraseasonal variability at the surface in the tropical western Pacific Ocean. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 739–758.
Zhang, C. D. (2005) Madden–Julian Oscillation. Rev. Geophys., 43, 1–36.
Zhang, C. D. and S. P. Anderson (2003) Sensitivity of intraseasonal perturbations in SST to the structure of the MJO. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 2196–2207.
Zhang, C. D. and H. H. Hendon (1997) Propagating and standing components of the intraseasonal oscillation in tropical convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 741–752.
Zhu, B. and B. Wang (1993) The 30–60 day convection seesaw between the tropical Indian and western Pacific Oceans. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 184–199.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lau, W.K.M., Waliser, D.E., Wang, B. (2012). Theories. In: Intraseasonal Variability in the Atmosphere-Ocean Climate System. Springer Praxis Books(). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13914-7_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13914-7_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-13913-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-13914-7
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)