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Engineering Physiology pp 265–330Cite as

Engineering Anthropometry

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Abstract

Anthropometric information describes the size of the human body. Traditional measurements mostly use bone landmarks to determine heights, breadths, depths, distances, circumferences, and curvatures. New assessment techniques rely on 3-dimensional topography of the body surface. Most of the currently available anthropometric information stems from measurements with classical instruments; these describe a limited number of military and civilian populations.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 3624 Laurel Drive, 24060-8562, Blacksburg, VA, Virginia, USA

    Karl H.E. Kroemer & Hiltrud J. Kroemer

  2. 133 St. Paul Street, 07090-2144, Westfield, NJ, USA

    Katrin E. Kroemer-Elbert

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Correspondence to Karl H.E. Kroemer .

Glossary

Abduct

To move away from the body or one of its parts; opposite of adduct.

Acetabulum

Cup-shaped cavity at the base of the pelvis (hipbone) into which the ball-shaped head of the femur fits.

Acromion

A landmark on top of the shoulder: the highest point on the lateral edge of the scapula above the shoulder joint, at about half the width of the shoulder. Acromial height is usually equated with shoulder height.

Adduct

To move towards the body; opposite of abduct.

Anterior

In front of the body; toward the front of the body; opposed to posterior.

Articulation

Joint between bones.

Asthenic

Body build with small bones and muscle, little fat (similar to leptosomic and ectomorphic).

Atlas

The top cervical vertebra, supporting the skull.

Axilla

The armpit.

Axis

Center line of an object; midline about which rotation occurs.

Bending

See moment

Biceps brachii

(“Two heads”) arm muscle reducing the elbow angle.

Biceps femoris

A large posterior muscle of the thigh; flexor of the thigh.

Brachialis

Forearm muscle connecting the mid-humerus with the ulna.

Brachioradialis

Forearm muscle connecting the humerus with the radius.

Breadth

A straight-line, point-to-point horizontal measurement running across the body or a segment.

Buttock protrusion

The maximal posterior protrusion of the right buttock.

Canthus

A corner or angle formed by the meeting of the eyelids.

Carpus

The wristbones, collectively.

Cervical

Part of/pertaining to/the cervix (neck), especially the seven vertebrae at the top of the spinal column.

Cervicale

The protrusion of the spinal column at the base of the neck caused by the tip of the spine of the 7th cervical vertebra.

Circumference

A closed measurement that follows a body contour; hence the measurement usually is not circular.

Clavicle

The “collarbone” linking the scapula with the sternum.

Coccyx

(Or: sacrum) the tailbone, a triangular bone of fused rudimentary vertebrae at the lower end of the spine.

Compression

The pressure (strain) generated in material caused by two opposing forces; opposite of tension.

Condyle

Articular prominence of a bone.

Coronal plane

Any vertical plane at right angles to the midsagittal plane (same as frontal plane).

Cortical

Of/at the outside.

Curvature

A point-to-point measurement following a contour; this measurement is neither closed nor usually circular.

Dactylion

The tip of the middle finger.

Density

Mass of material per unit volume.

Depth

A straight-line, point-to-point horizontal measurement running fore-aft the body.

Digit

The thumb and four fingers of the hand.

Distal

Away from the center, peripheral; opposite of proximal.

Distance

A straight-line, point-to-point measurement between landmarks on the body.

Dominant

The hand or foot exclusively used for certain actions.

Dorsal

Toward the back or spine; also pertaining to the top of hand or foot, opposite of palmar, plantar, and ventral.

Ear-Eye line

An easily established reference line for the tilt angle of the head. It runs through the right meatus (ear hole) and the right external canthus (meeting corner of the eye lids). The EE line is angled about 11° above the Frankfurt plane

GlossarySeeAlso; see there.
Ectomorphic

Body build with small bones and muscle, little fat (similar to asthenic and leptosomic).

Endomorphic

Body build with much soft, fatty tissue, abdominal protrusion, often with little muscle.

Epicondyle

The bony eminence at the distal end of the humerus, radius, and femur.

Ergonomics

The application of scientific principles, methods and data drawn from a variety of disciplines to the design of engineered systems in which people play significant roles.

Extend

To move adjacent segments so that the angle between them is increased, as when the leg is straightened; opposite of flex.

External

Away from the central long axis of the body; the outer portion of a body segment.

Facet

Flat articulation surface at the upper (superior) and lower (inferior) parts of the articulation processes of a vertebra.

Femur

The thigh bone.

Flex

To move a joint in such a direction as to bring together the two parts which it connects, as when the elbow is bent; opposite of extend.

Flexibility

Term occasionally used instead of mobility.

Frankfurt Plane

The former standard horizontal plane for orientation of the head. The plane is established by a line passing through the right tragion (approximate ear hole) and the lowest point of the right orbit (eye socket), with both eyes on the same level

GlossarySeeAlso; see Ear-Eye line.
Frontal plane

Any vertical plane at right angles to the midsagittal plane (same as coronal plane).

Glabella

The most anterior point of the forehead between the brow ridges in the midsagittal plane.

Glenoid cavity

Depression in the scapula below the acromion into which fits the head of the humerus, forming the shoulder joint.

Gluteal furrow

The furrow at the juncture of the buttock and the thigh.

Height

A straight-line, point-to-point vertical measurement.

Humerus

The bone of the upper arm.

Iliac crest

The superior rim of the pelvic bone.

Inferior

Below, lower, in relation to another structure.

Inseam

A term used in tailoring to indicate the inside length of a sleeve or trouser leg. It is measured on the medial side of the arm or leg.

Internal

Near the central long axis of the body; the inner portion of a body segment.

Ischium

The dorsal and posterior of the three principal bones that compose either half of the pelvis.

Knuckle

The joint formed by the meeting of a finger bone (phalanx) with a palm bone (metacarpal).

Kyphosis

Backward curvature of the spine; opposite of lordosis.

Lateral

Lying near or toward the sides of the body; opposite of medial.

Leptosomic

Body build with large bones and muscles (similar to asthenic and ectomorphic).

Lordosis

Forward curvature of the spine; opposite of kyphosis.

Lumbar

Part of/pertaining to/ the five vertebrae atop the sacrum.

Malleolus

A rounded bony projection in the ankle region. The tibia has such a protrusion on its medial side, and the fibula one on its lateral side.

Medial

Lying near or toward the midline of the body; opposite of lateral.

Medial plane

The vertical plane which divides the body (in the anatomical position) into right and left halves; same as mid-sagittal plane.

Mesomorphic

Body build with large bones and muscles.

Metacarpal

Pertaining to the long bones of the hand between the carpus and the phalanges.

Mid-sagittal plane

The vertical plane which divides the body (in the anatomical position) into right and left halves; same as medial plane.

Mobility

The ability to move segments of the body.

Moment

The product of force and its lever arm when trying to rotate and object about a fulcrum; the stress in material generated by two opposing forces that try to bend the material about and axis perpendicular to its long axis;

GlossarySeeAlsosee also torque.
Olecranon

The proximal end of the ulna.

Omphalion

The center point of the navel.

Orbit

The eye socket.

Palmar

Pertaining to the palm (inside) of the hand; opposite of dorsal.

Patella

The kneecap.

Pelvis

The bones of the “pelvic girdle” consisting of illium, pubic arch and ischium which compose either half of the pelvis.

Phalanges

The bones of the fingers and toes (singular, phalanx).

Physis

The body as distinguished from the mind.

Plantar

Pertaining to the sole of the foot.

Popliteal

Pertaining to the ligament behind the knee or to the part of the leg behind the knee.

Posterior

Pertaining to the back of the body; opposite of anterior.

Protuberance

Protruding part of a bone.

Proximal

The (section of a) body segment nearest the head (or the center of the body); opposite of distal.

Radius

The bone of the forearm on its thumb side.

Reach

A point-to-point measurement following the long axis of the arm or leg.

Sacrum

(Or: coccyx) the tailbone, a triangular bone of fused rudimentary vertebrae at the lower end of the spine.

Sagittal

Pertaining to the medial (mid-sagittal) plane of the body, or to a parallel plane.

Scapula

The shoulder blade.

Scye

A tailoring term to designate the armhole of a garment. Refers here to landmarks which approximate the lower level of the axilla.

Secular

Referring to events that appear over long stretches of time.

Somatotyping

Categorizing body builds into different types. (Greek soma, body)

Sphyrion

The most distal extension of the tibia on the medial side under the malleolus.

Spine

The column of vertebrae.

Spine (or spinal process) of a vertebra

The posterior prominence.

Stature

Height of the standing human body.

Sternum

The breastbone.

Stylion

The most distal point on the styloid process of the radius.

Styloid process

A long, spinelike projection of a bone.

Sub

A prefix designating below or under.

Superior

Above, in relation to another structure; higher.

Supra

Prefix designating above or on.

Tailbone

(Or sacrum, coccyx) triangular bone of fused rudimentary vertebrae at the lower end of the spine.

Tarsus

The collection of bones in the ankle joint.

Tension

The strain in material generated by two opposing forces that try to stretch the material; opposite of compression.

Thoracic

Part of/pertaining to/ the thorax (chest), especially the twelve vertebrae in the middle of the spinal column.

Tibia

The medial bone of the lower leg (shin bone).

Tibiale

The uppermost point of the medial margin of the tibia.

Torsion

The stress in material generated by two opposing forces that try to twist the material about its long axis;

GlossarySeeAlsosee also moment.
Tragus

Conical eminence of the auricle (pinna, external ear) in the front wall of the ear hole.

Transverse plane

Horizontal plane through the body, orthogonal to the medial and frontal planes.

Trochanterion

The tip of the bony lateral protrusion of the proximal end of the femur.

Tuberosity

A (large) rounded prominence on a bone.

Ulna

The bone of the forearm on its little-finger side.

Umbilicus

Depression in the abdominal wall where the umbilical cord was attached to the embryo.

Ventral

Pertaining to the anterior (abdominal) side of the trunk.

Vertebra

A bone of the spine.

Vertex

The top of the head.

Volar

Pertaining to the sole of the foot or the palm of the hand.

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Kroemer, K.H., Kroemer, H.J., Kroemer-Elbert, K.E. (2010). Engineering Anthropometry. In: Engineering Physiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12883-7_11

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