Skip to main content

Semantic Indexing of Legal Documents

  • Chapter
Semantic Processing of Legal Texts

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNAI,volume 6036))

Abstract

Automated semantic indexing may be the answer to insufficient recall of legal information systems. The semantic web has created powerful tools for mark-up and ontological representation. Re-use in legal applications remains low due to inappropriate knowledge structuring and lack of automated knowledge acquisition. This paper describes the state of the art and proposes a dynamic electronic legal commentary.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Wikitionary, index (2009), http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/index

  2. Index 2006, Rechtsprechung und Schrifttum, Jahresübersicht 2006. Band 59, Begründet von Franz Hohenecker. Manz, Wien (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Jurivoc. Dreisprachiger Thesaurus des Schweizerischen Bundesgerichts (2009), http://www.bger.ch/de/index/juridiction/jurisdiction-inherit-template/jurisdiction-jurivoc-home.htm

  4. Manning, C.D., Raghavan, P., Schütze, H.: Introduction to Information Retrieval. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2008)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  5. Bing, J. (ed.): Handbook of Legal Information Retrieval. North-Holland, Amsterdam (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Schweighofer, E.: Legal Knowledge Representation, Automatic Text Analysis in Public International and European Law. Kluwer Law International, The Hague (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Blair, D.C., Maron, M.E.: An Evaluation of Retrieval Effectiveness for a Full-text Document-retrieval System. Comm. ACM 28, 289–299 (1985)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Wikipedia, semantic (2009), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic

  9. Rathert, M.: Sprache und Recht. Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Tiscornia, D.: The Lois Project: Lexical Ontologies for Legal Information Sharing. In: Biagioli, C., Francesconi, E., Sator, G. (eds.) Proceedings of the V. Legislative XML Workshop. European Press Academic Publishing, Firence (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Wikipedia, legal writing (2009), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/legal_writing

  12. Schweighofer, E., et al.: Improvement of Vector Representation of Legal Documents with Legal Ontologies. In: Proceedings of the 5th BIS. Poznan University of Economics Press, Poznan (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Wikipedia, thesaurus (2009), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesaurus

  14. ISO: Documentation – Guidelines for the establishment and development of monolingual thesauri, ISO 2788 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Gruber, T.R.: A Translation Approach to Portable Ontology Specifications. Knowledge Acquisition 5/2, 199–220 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Hirst, G.: Ontology and the Lexicon. In: Staab, S., Studer, R. (eds.) Handbook on Ontologies, pp. 210–229. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  17. W3C: Semantic Web Activity, http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/

  18. Berners-Lee, T., et al.: The Semantic Web. Scientific American 284(5), 34–53 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Koivunen, M.-R., Miller, E.: W3C Semantic Web Activity. In: Proceedings of the Semantic Web Kick-off Seminar, HIIT Publications 2002/1, Helsinki, pp. 27–43 (2002), http://www.w3.org/2001/12/semweb-fin/w3csw

  20. Benjamins, R., et al.: Law and the Semantic Web, an Introduction. In: Benjamins, V.R., Casanovas, P., Breuker, J., Gangemi, A., et al. (eds.) Law and the Semantic Web. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 3369, pp. 1–17. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  21. W3C: OWL Web Ontology Language Semantics and Abstract Syntax, W3C Recommendation (February 10, 2004), http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-semantics-20040210/

  22. Miller, G.A., et al.: Five Papers on WordNet, CSL Report 43. Cognitive Science Laboratory, Princeton University (1990), ftp://ftp.cogsci.princeton.edu/pub/wordnet/5papers.ps

  23. Fellbaum, C. (ed.): WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database. MIT Press, Cambridge (1998)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  24. WordNet website, http://wordnet.princeton.edu/

  25. Fensel, D.: Ontologies: A Silver Bullet for Knowledge Management and electronic Commerce, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin (2004)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  26. EuroWordNet website, http://www.illc.uva.nl/EuroWordNet/docs.html

  27. Vossen, P. (ed.): EuroWordNet General Document (LE2-4003, LE4-8328). Final Document, Version 3 (1993), http://www.illc.uva.nl/EuroWordNet/docs.html

  28. W3C: RDF/OWL Representation of WordNetW3C Working Draft (June 19, 2006), http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-wordnet-rdf-20060619/

  29. Lenat, D.B.: Cyc: a Large-Scale Investment in Knowledge Infrastructure. Communications of the ACM 38(11), 33–38 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Cyc website, http://www.cyc.com/cyc

  31. Bench-Capon, T.J.M., Visser, P.R.S.: Ontologies in Legal Information Systems: The Need for Explicit Specifications of Domain Conceptualisations. In: Proceedings of the 6th ICAIL, pp. 132–141. ACM Press, New York (1997)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  32. McCarty, L.T.: A Language for Legal Discourse: I. Basic Features. In: Proceedings of the 2nd ICAIL, pp. 180–189. ACM Press, New York (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Hafner, C.D.: An Information Retrieval System Based on a Computer Model of Legal Knowledge. UNI Research Press, Ann Arbor (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Stamper, R.K.: The Role of Semantics in Legal Expert Systems and Legal Reasoning. Ratio Juris 4/2, 219–244 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  35. van Kralingen, R.W.: Frame-based Conceptual Models of Staute Law. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Leiden, The Hague (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Visser, P.R.S.: Knowledge Specification for Multiple Legal Tasks: A Case Study of the Interaction Problem in the Legal Domain. Computer Law Series, vol. 17. Kluwer Law International, The Hague (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Valente, A.: Legal knowledge engineering: A modelling approach. IOS Press, Amsterdam (1995)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  38. Breuker, J., Hoekstra, R.: DIRECT: Ontology-based Discovery of Responsibility and Causality in Legal Case Descriptions. In: Proceedings of the 17th JURIX. IOS Press, Amsterdam (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Van Engers, T.M., Gerrits, R., Boekenoogen, M., Glassée, E., Kordelaar, P.: POWER: Using UML/OCL for modeling legislation - an application report. In: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Artificial intelligence and law, pp. 157–167. ACM Press, New York (2001)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  40. Hoekstra, R., Breuker, J., De Bello, M., Boer, A.: The LKIF Core Ontology of Basic Legal Concepts. In: Casanovas, P., Biasiotti, M.A., Francesconi, E., Sagri, M.T. (eds.) Proceedings of LOAIT 2007, II. Workshop on Legal Ontologies and Artificial Intelligence Techniques, pp. 43–64 (2007), http://www.ittig.cnr.it/loait/LOAIT07-Proceedings.pdf

  41. Winkels, R., et al.: CLIME: lessons learned in legal information serving. In: Proceedings of the 15th ECAI, pp. 230–234. IOS Press, Amsterdam (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Casellas, N., Casanovas, P., Vallbé, J.-J., Poblet, M., Blázquez, M., Contreras, J., López-Cobo, J.-M., Benjamins, R.: Semantic Enhancement for Legal Information Retrieval: IURISERVICE performance. In: Eleventh International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, pp. 49–57. ACM Press, New York (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Dini, L., Liebwald, D., Mommers, L., Peters, W., Schweighofer, E., Voermans, W.: LOIS Cross-lingual Legal Information Retrieval Using a WordNet Architecture. In: Proc. Tenth Int. Conf. on Artificial Intelligence & Law, pp. 163–167. ACM Press, New York (2005)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  44. Ajani, G., Lesmo, L., Boella, G., Mazzei, A., Rossi, P.: Terminological and Ontological Analysis of European Directives: multilinguism in Law. In: Eleventh International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, pp. 43–48. ACM Press, New York (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  45. Francesconi, E., Spinosa, P., Tiscorina, D.: A linguistic-ontological support for multilingual legislative drafting: the DALOS Project. In: Casanovas, P., Biasiotti, M.A., Francesconi, E., Sagri, M.T. (eds.) Proceedings of LOAIT 2007, II. Workshop on Legal Ontologies and Artificial Intelligence Techniques, pp. 103–112 (2007), http://www.ittig.cnr.it/loait/LOAIT07-Proceedings.pdf

  46. Schweighofer, E.: Computing Law: From Legal Information Systems to Dynamic Legal Electronic Commentaries. In: Magnusson Sjöberg, C., Wahlgren, P. (eds.) Festskrift till Peter Seipel, pp. 569–588, Norsteds Juridik AB, Stockholm (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  47. Boer, A., Winkels, R., Vitali, F.: Proposed XML Standards for Law: MetaLex and LKIF. In: Lodder, A.R., Mommers, L. (eds.) Legal Knowledge and Information Systems, JURIX 2007: The Twentieth Annual Conference, pp. 19–28. IOS Press, Amsterdam (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  48. Moens, M.-F., et al.: Abstracting of Legal Cases: The SALOMON Experience. In: Proceedings of the 6th ICAIL, pp. 114–122. ACM Press, New York (1997)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  49. Smith, J.C., et al.: Artificial Intelligence and Legal Discourse: The Flexlaw Legal Text Management System. Artificial Intelligence and Law 3(1-2), 55–95 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  50. Brüninghaus, S., Ashley, K.D.: Improving the Representation of Legal Case Texts with Information extraction Methods. In: Proceedings of the 8th ICAIL, pp. 42–51. ACM Press, New York (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  51. Gonçalves, T., Quaresma, P.: Is linguistic information relevant for the classification of legal texts? In: Proceedings of the 10th ICAIL, pp. 168–176. ACM Press, New York (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  52. AustLII website, http://www.austlii.edu.au

  53. CiteSeer website, http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/cs

  54. RDB Rechtsdatenbank website, http://rdb.at

  55. Lexis Nexis Orac ARD website, http://www.lexisnexis.at

  56. Schweighofer, E.: EUR-Lex: from data structures to legal ontologies. In: 25 Years of European Law Online, The Event, pp. 137–150. Office for Publications, Luxembourg (2007)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Schweighofer, E. (2010). Semantic Indexing of Legal Documents. In: Francesconi, E., Montemagni, S., Peters, W., Tiscornia, D. (eds) Semantic Processing of Legal Texts. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 6036. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12837-0_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12837-0_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-12836-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-12837-0

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics