Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Mammakarzinom und Umweltfaktoren

  • Chapter
Book cover Mammakarzinom Interdisziplinär

Zusamenfassung

In den westlichen Industrieländern ist das Mammakarzinom der häufigste bösartige Tumor der Frau. Von besonderer Bedeutung ist der seit vielen Jahren in den meisten westlichen Industrienationen verzeichnete Inzidenzanstieg, der in den USA seit den 1940er Jahren im Schnitt 1% pro Jahr betrug und in Deutschland Mitte der 1990er Jahre erstmalig rückläufig war. Über den weiteren Verlauf des langfristigen Trends wird erst die nächste Schätzung Klarheit bringen. Ein Teil der Inzidenzsteigerung ist sicherlich auf die Veränderung des Reproduktionsverhaltens und die damit verlängerte Östrogeneinwirkung auf das undifferenzierte Brustdrüsenparenchym zurückzuführen. Dennoch kann der Anstieg, wie auch die hohe Inzidenz selbst, nur zu etwa 25-30% mit den heute bekannten Risikofaktoren erklärt werden. Daher ist es von besonderer Bedeutung, sich mit den exogenen (Umwelt-) Faktoren auseinander zu setzen, die im Verdacht stehen, eine Rolle bei der Entstehung und Promotion des Brustkrebses zu spielen. Darüber hinaus sind Fragen nach der Ursache von Brusterkrankungen in der Praxis häufig. Die Befähigung, hier Rat geben zu können, wird von den Patientinnen als Kompetenzzuwachs erlebt.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 29.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  • Alpert M, Carome E et al. (2009) Nighttime use of special spectacles or light bulbs that block blue light may reduce the risk of cancer. Med Hypotheses 73(3): 324–325

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ambrosone CB, Freudenheim JL, Graham S et al. (1995) Cytochrome P450 1 A1 and glutathione S-transferase (M1) genetic polymorphisms and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Cancer-Res 55(16): 3483–3485

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ambrosone CB, Freudenheim JL, Graham S et al. (1996) Cigarette smoking, N-acetyltransferase 2 genetic polymorphisms, and breast cancer risk. JAMA 276(18): 1494–1501

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arbeitsgemeinschaft bevölkerungsbezogener Krebsregister in Deutschland (1999) Krebs in Deutschland, Häufigkeiten und Trends. 2. Aufl., Robert-Koch-Institut, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey LB (2003) Folate, methyl-related nutrients, alcohol, and the MTHFR 677C →T-polymorphism affect cancer risk: intake recommendations. J Nutr 133(11): 3748–3753

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartsch C, Bartsch H, Jain AK, Laaumas KR, Wetterberg L (1981) Uninary melatonin levels in human breast cancer patients. J Neural Transm 52: 269–279

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beniashvili D, Avinoach I, et al. (2005) Household electromagnetic fields and breast cancer in elderly women. In Vivo 19(3): 563–566

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bennicke K, Conrad C, Sabroe S, Sorensen HT (1995) Cigarette smoking and breast cancer. BMJ 310(6992): 1431–1433

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernhardt JH (1999) Hochfrequente elektromagnetische Felder einschließlich Mikrowellen. In: Mersch-Sundermann V (Hrsg): Umweltmedizin — Grundlagen der Umweltmedizin, klinische Umweltmedizin, ökologische Medizin.Thieme, Stuttgart New York, S 118–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertazzi PA, Pesatori AC, Landi MT (1996) Cancer mortality 1976-1991 in the population exposed to 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Organohalogen Compounds 30: 294–297

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birnbaum LS, Fenton SE (2003) Cancer and developmental exposure to endocrine disruptors. Environ Health Perspect 111(4): 389–394

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd NF, Stone J, et al. (2003) Dietary fat and breast cancer risk revisited: a meta-analysis of the published literature. Br J Cancer 89(9): 1672–1685

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradlow HL, Michnovicz JJ, Telang NT, Osborne MP (1991) Diet, oncogenesand tumor viruses as modulators of estrogen metabolism in vivo and in vitro. Cancer Prev Dect 16: 35–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradlow HL, Sepkovic DW, Telang NT, Osborne MP (1995) Indole-3-carbinol. A novel approach to breast cancer prevention. Ann N Y Acad Sci 768: 180–200

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradlow HL, Telang NT, Sepkovic DW, Osborne MP (1996) 2-hydroxyestrone: the‘good’estrogen. J Endocrinol 150: 259–265

    Google Scholar 

  • Braga C, Negri E, LaVecchia C, Filiberti R, Franceschi S (1996) Cigarette smoking and the risk of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 5(3): 159–164

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown NM, Manzolillo PA, Zhang JX, Wang J, Lamartiniere CA (1998) Prenatal TCDD and predisposition to mammary cancer in the rat. Carcinogenesis 19(9): 1623–1629

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calle EE, Frumkin H, Henley SJ, Savitz DA, Thun MJ (2002) Organochlorines and breast cancer risk. CA Cancer J Clin 52(5): 301–309

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cantor KP, Dosemeci M., Brinton LA, Stewart PA (1995) Re: Breast cancer mortality among female electrical workers in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 87: 227–228

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caplan LS, Schoenfeld ER, O’Leary E, Leske MC (2000) Breast cancer and electromegnetic fields — a review. AEP 10(1): 31–44

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coogan PF, Aschengrau A (1998) Exposure to power frequency magnetic fields and the risk of breast cancer among female electrical workers in the upper Cape Cod incidence study. Arch Environ Health 53: 359–367

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cook JC, Mullin LS, et al. (1993) Investigation of a mechanism for Leydig cell tumorigenesis by linuron in rats.Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 119(2): 195–204

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Croghan IT, Pruthi S, et al. (2009) The role of smoking in breast cancer development: an analysis of a Mayo Clinic cohort. Breast J 15(5): 489–495

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson NE (1998) Environmental estrogens and breast cancer risk. Current Opinion in Oncology 10: 475–478

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis DL, Bradlow HL (1995) Can environmental estrogens cause breast cancer? Scientific American 95(10): 144–149

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis DL, Bradlow HL, Wolff M, Woodruff T, Hoel DG, Anton-Culver H (1993) Medical hypothesis: xenoestrogens as preventable causes of breast cancer. Environ Health Perspect 101: 372–376

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Demers PA, Thomas DB, Rosenblatt KA et al. (1991) Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields and breast cancer in men. Am J Epidemiol 134: 340–347

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dewailly E, Dodin S, Verreault R, Ayotte P, Sauve L, Morin J (1993) High organochlorine body burden in breast cancer women with estrogen receptors. Organohalogen Compounds 13: 385–388

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunn JF, Nisula B, Rodbard D (1991) Transport of steroid hormones: binding of 21 endogenous steroids to both testosterone-binding globulin and corticosteroid-binding globulin in human plasma. J Clin Endo Metab 53: 58–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Emons G, Gründker C, Hanf V (2003) Are estrogens carcinogens? Gynäkologe 36(3): 182–189

    Google Scholar 

  • Fail PA, Pearce SW, Anderson SA, Tyl RW, Gray E (1995) Endocrine and reproductive toxicity of vinclozolin (vin) in male Long-Evans Hooded rats. Fund Appl Toxicol 15293

    Google Scholar 

  • Falck F, Ricci A, Wolff MS, Godbold J, Deckers P (1992) Pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls residues in human breast lipids and their relation to breast cancer. Arch Environ Health 47(2): 143–146

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farlow DW, Xu X, et al. (2009) Quantitative measurement of endogenous estrogen metabolites, risk-factors for development of breast cancer, in commercial milk products by LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 877(13): 1327–1334

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feychting M, Forssen U (2006) Electromagnetic fields and female breast cancer. Cancer Causes Control 17(4): 553–558

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flesch-Janys D, Berger J, Manz A, Nagel S, Ollroge I (1993) Exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and-furans and breast cancer mortality in a cohort of female workers of a herbicide producing plant in Hamburg, FRG. Organohalogen Compounds 13: 381–384

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flodstrom S, Hemming H, Warngard L, Ahlborg UG (1990) Promotion of altered hepatic foci development in rat liver, cytochrome P450 enzyme induction and inhibition of cell-cell communication by DDT and some structurally related organohalogen pesticides. Carcionogenesis 11(8): 1413–1417

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gapstur SM, Potter JD, Drinkard C, Folsom AR (1995) Synergistic effect between alcohol and estrogen replacement therapy on risk of breast cancer differs by estrogen/progesterone receptor status in the Iowa Women’s Health Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 4(4): 313–318

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Girgert R, Schimming H, Körner W, et al. (2005) Induction of tamoxifen resistence in breast cancer cells by ELF electromagnetic fields. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 336(4): 1144–1149

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Girgert R, Hanf V, etal. (2009a) Signal transduction of the melatonin receptor MT1 is disrupted in breast cancer cells by electromagnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Girgert R, Emons G, et al. (2009b) Exposure of mcf-7 breast cancer cells to electromagnetic fields up-regulates the plasminogen activator system. Int J Gynecol Cancer 19(3): 334–338.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Girgert R, Grundker C, et al. (2008) Electromagnetic fields alter the expression of estrogen receptor cofactors in breast cancer cells. Bioelectromagnetics 29(3): 169–176.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanf V, Körner W (1999) Gynäkologie Teil 2: Umweltmedizinische Bedeutung endokriner Disruptoren. In: Beyer A, Eis D (Hrsg): Praktische Umweltmedizin — Klinik, Methoden, Arbeitshilfen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio, S 1–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanf V (2002a) Mammakarzinom und Umweltfaktoren. In: Kreienberg R et al. (Hrsg.): Management des Mammakarzinoms. 2. Aufl. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg New York Tokio, S 7–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanf V (2002b) Electromagnetic fields and breast cancer — A review. Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 62(1): 22–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanf V, Gonder U (2005) Nutrition and primary prevention of breast cancer: foods, nutrients and breast cancer risk. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 123(2): 134–149

    Google Scholar 

  • Hjartaker A, Laake P, et al. (2001) Childhood and adult milk consumption and risk of premenopausal breast cancer in a cohort of 48,844 women — the Norwegian women and cancer study. Int J Cancer 93(6): 888–893

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter DJ, Hankinson SE, Laden F, et al. (1997) Plasma organochlorine levels and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 337: 1253–1258

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • ICRP (1990) Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP publication 60, Annals of the ICRP 21, No. 1-3, Pergamon Press, United Kingdom

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins S, Rowell C, et al. (2007) Prenatal TCDD exposure predisposes for mammary cancer in rats. Reprod Toxicol 23(3): 391–396

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katsouyanni K, Trichopoulou A, Stuver S et al. (1994) Ethanol and breast cancer: an association that may be both confounded and causal. Int J Cancer 58(3): 356–361

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelce WR, Stone CR, et al. (1995) Persistent DDT metabolite p,p′-DDE is a potent androgen receptor antagonist. Nature 375(6532): 581–585

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelsh MA, Sahl JD (1997) Mortality among a cohort of electric utility workers 1960-1991. Am J Industr Med 31: 534–544

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knight JA, Bernstein L, et al. (2009) Alcohol intake and cigarette smoking and risk of a contralateral breast cancer: The Women’s Environmental Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Study. Am J Epidemiol 169(8): 962–968

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kociba RJ, Keyes DG, Beyer JE et al. (1978) Results of a two-year chronic toxicity and oncogenicity study of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats. Toxic Appl Pharmac 46: 279–303

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Körner W, Hanf V, Faust A, Temmen R, Tinneberg H-R, Hagenmaier H (1994) Concentrations and profiles of PCDDs and PCDFs in human mammary carcinoma tissue. Chemosphere 29(9–11): 2339–2347

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Körner W, Hanf V, Schuller W, Bartsch H, Kreienberg R, Hagenmaier H (1996) Validation and application of a rapid in vitro assay for assessing the estrogenic potency of halogenated phenolic chemicals. Organohalogen Compounds 27: 297–302

    Google Scholar 

  • KörnerW, Hanf V, Schuller W, Kempter C, Metzger J, Hagenmaier H (1999) Development of the E-screen assay for sensitive quantitative analysis of estrogenic activity in waste water. Sci Tot Environ 225: 33–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Körner W, Vinggaard AM, Térouanne B, Ma R, Wieloch C, Schlumpf M, Sultan C, Soto AM (2004) Interlaboratory comparison of four in vitro assays for assessing androgenic and antiandrogenic activity of environmental chemicals. Environ Health Perspect 112, 695–702

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krieger N, Wolff MS, Hiatt RA, Rivera M, Vogelman J, Orentreich N (1994) Breast cancer and serum organochlorides: a prospective study among white, black, and Asian women. J Natl Cancer Inst 86: 589–599

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LaVecchia C, Negri E, Parazzini F, Boyle P, Fasoli M, Gentile A, Franceschi S (1989) Alcohol and breast cancer: update from an Italian case-control study. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 25(12): 1711–1717

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lamartiniere CA, Moore J, Holland M, Barnes S (1995) Neonatal genistein chemoprevents mammary cancer. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 208: 120–123

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levine PH, Pogo BG, Klouj A, Coronel S, et al. (2004) Increasing evidence for a human breast carcinoma virus with geographic differences. Cancer 101(4): 721–726

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li D, Wang M, Dhingra K, Hittelman W-NTI (1996) Aromatic DNA adducts in adjacent tissues of breast cancer patients: clues to breast cancer etiology. Cancer-Res 56(2): 287–293

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Millikan RC, Bell DA et al. (2004) Cigarette smoking, cytochrome P4501A1 polymorphisms, and breast cancer among African-American and white women. Breast Cancer Res 6(4): 460–473

    Google Scholar 

  • Liburdy RP, Sloma TR, Sokolic R et al. (1993) ELF magnetic fields, breast cancer and melatonin: 60 Hz fields block melatonin’s oncostatic action on ER+ breast cancer cell proliferation. J Pineal Res 14: 89–97

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liehr JG, Ricci MJ (1996) 4-Hydroxylation of estrogens as marker of human mammary tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci 93(8): 3294–3296

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Linet MS, Hatch EE, Kleinerman RA et al. (1997) Residential exposure to magnetic fields and acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children. Engl J Med 337: 44–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu H, Wormke M, Safe SH, Bjeldanes LF (1994) Indolo[3,2-b]carbazole: a dietary-derived factor that exhibits both antiestrogenic and estrogenic activity. J Natl Cancer Inst 86(23): 1758–1765

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd RV, Rosen PP, Sarkar NH etal. (1983) Murine mammary tumor virus related antigen in human male mammary carcinoma. Cancer 51(4): 654–61

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loomis DP, Savitz DA, Ananth CV (1994) Breast cancer mortality among female electrical workers in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 86(12): 921–925

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • López-Carillo L, Blair A, López-Cervantes M et al. (1997) Dichlorodi-phenyltrichloroethane serum levels and breast cancer risk: a case control study from Mexico. Cancer Res 57: 3728–3732

    Google Scholar 

  • Löscher W, Wahnschaffe U, Mevissen M, Lerchl A, Stamm A (1994) Effects of weak alternating magnetic fields on nocturnal melatonin production and mammary carcinogenesis in rats Oncology 51: 288–295

    Google Scholar 

  • Matanoski GM, Breysse PN, Elliott EA (1991) Electromagnetic field exposure and male breast cancer. Lancet 337: 737

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCready D, Aronson KJ, Chu W, Fan W, Vesprini D, Narod SA (2004) Breast tissue organochlorine levels and metabolic genotypes in relation to breast cancer risk Canada. Cancer Causes Control 15(4): 399–418.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McElroy JA, Egan KM, et al. (2007) Occupational exposure to electromagnetic field and breast cancer risk in a large, populationbased, case-control study in the United States. J Occup Environ Med 49(3): 266–274

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McIntyre IM, Norman TR, Burrows GD, Armstrong SM (1989) Human melatonin suppression by light is intensity dependent. J Pineal Res 6: 149–156

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moennikes O, Loeppen S, Buchmann A et al. (2004) A constitutively active dioxin/aryl hydrocarbon receptor promotes hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. Cancer Res 64(14): 4707–4710

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moorman PG, Terry PD (2004) Consumption of dairy products and the risk of breast cancer: a review of the literature. Am J Clin Nutr 80(1): 5–14

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morabia A, Bernstein M, Heritier S, Khatchatrian N (1996) Relation of breast cancer with passive and active exposure to tobacco smoke. Am J Epidemiol 143(9): 918–928

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mussalo-Rauhamaa H, Häsänen E, Pyysalo H, Antervo K, Kauppila R, Pantzar P (1990) Occurrence of Beta-Hexachlorcyclohexane in breast cancer patients. Cancer 66: 2124–2118

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagel SC, vom Saal FS, Thayer KA, Dhar MG, Boechler M, Welshons WV (1997) Relative binding affinity-serum modified access (RBA-SMA) assay predicts the relative in vivo bioactivity of the xenoestrogens Bisphenol A and octylphenol. Environ Health Perspect 105: 70–76

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagel SC, vom Saal FS, Welshons WV (1999) Developmental effects of estrogenic chemicals are predicted by an in vitro assay incorporating modification of cell uptake by serum. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 69: 343–357

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Leary ES, Vena JE, Freudenheim JL, Brasure J (2004) Pesticide exposure and risk of breast cancer: a nested case-control study of residentially stable women living on Long Island. Environ Res 94(2): 134–144

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Osborne MP, Bradlow HL, Wong GY, Telang NT (1993) Upregulation of estradiol C16alpha-hydroxylation in human breast tissue: a potential biomarker of breast cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 85: 1917–1920

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pollan M, Gustavsson P (1999) High-risk populations for breast cancer in the Swedish female working population. Am J Public Health 89: 875–881

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Preston-Martin S (1996) Breast cancer and magnetic fields. Epidemiology 7: 457–458

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pyykkö K, Tuimala R, Aalto L, PerkiöT (1991) Is hydrocarbon hydroxylasea new prognostic indicator for breast cancer? Br J Cancer 63: 596–600

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reichman ME, Judd JT, Longcope C et al. (1993) Effects of alcohol consumption on plasma and urinary hormone concentrations in premenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 85(9): 722–727

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reiter RJ (1985) Action spectra, dose-response relationships, and temporal aspects of light’s effects on the pineal gland. Ann NY Acad Sci 453: 215–230

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen baum PF, Vena JE, Zielezny MA, Michalek AM (1994) Occupational exposure associated with male breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 140: 974–979

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudel RA, Attfield KR, et al. (2007) Chemicals causing mammary gland tumors in animals signal new directions for epidemiology, chemicals testing, and risk assessment for breast cancer prevention. Cancer 109(12 Suppl): 2635–2666

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Savitz D (1994) Breast cancer and serum organochlorines: a prospective study among white, black, and Asian women. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 86: 1255–1256

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schäfer WR, Zahradnik HP, Frijus-Plessen N, Schneider K (1996) Antropogene Substanzen mit unerwünschter Östrogenwirkung: Auswahl von expositions-relevanten Stoffen. Umweltmed Forsch Prax 1: 35–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Schernhammer E, Schulmeister K (2004) Light at night and cancer risk. Photochem Photobiol 79(4): 316–318

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schlumpf M, Cotton B, Conscience M, Haller V, Steinmann B, Lichtensteiger W. (2001) In vitro and in vivo estrogenicity of UV screens. Environ Health Perspect 109: 239–244.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Segal-Eiras A, Croce MV, Pasqualini CD (1983) Antibodies presumably cross-reacting with mouse retrovirus type B and C in the sera of both leukemia-lymphoma and mammary cancer patients. Arch Geschwulstforsch 53(4): 321–327

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sonnenschein C, Soto AM (1998) An updated review of environmental estrogen and androgen mimics and antagonists. J Steroid Biochem Molec Biol 65: 143–150

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soto AM, Chung KL, Sonnenschein C (1994) The pesticides endosulfan, toxaphene, and dieldrin have estrogenic effects on human estrogen-sensitive cells. Environ Health Perspect 102: 380–383.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soto AM, Sonnenschein C, Chung KL, Fernandez MF, Olea N, Olea-Serrano MF (1995): The E-Screen assay as a tool to identify estrogens: an update on estrogenic environmental pollutants. Environ Health Perspect 103(7): 113–122

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens RG (1987) Electric power use and breast cancer: a hypothesis. Am J Epidemiol 125: 556–561

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens RG (1993) Breast cancer and electric power. Biomed Pharmacother 47(10): 435–438

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens RG, Davis S (1996) The melatonin hypothesis: Electric power and breast cancer. Environ Health Perspect 104(1): 135–140

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strahlenschutzkommission (1995) Schutz von niederfrequenten elektrischen und magnetischen Feldern der Energieversorgung und-anwendung. Empfehlungen der Strahlenschutzkommission vom 10.5.1995. Bundesanzeiger 47, Nr. 147a, Köln

    Google Scholar 

  • Vansell NR, Muppidi JR, Habeebu SM, Klaasen CD (2004) Promotion of thyroid tumors in rats by pregnenolone-16-a-carbonitrile (PCN) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB). Toxicol Sci. 81(1): 50–59

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verordnung zur Durchführung des Bundesimmissionsschutzgesetzes (1996) Verordnung über elektromagnetische Felder. Bundesgesetzblatt I vom 16.12.1996. http://www.bfs.de/elektro/nff/recht.html

  • Vinggaard AM, Nellemann C, et al. (2002) Antiandrogenic effects in vitro and in vivo of the fungicide prochloraz. Toxicol Sci 69(2): 344–353

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wassermann M, Nogueira DP, Tomatis L et al. (1976) Organochlorine compounds in neoplastic and adjacent apparently normal breast tissue. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 15: 478–484

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Westin JB, Richter E (1990) The Israeli Breast-Cancer Anomaly. Ann NY Acad Sci 609: 269–279

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wichmann HE, Schlipköter HW, Fülgraff G (1992) Handbuch der Umweltmedizin. Ecomed-Verlag, Landsberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolff MS, Toniolo PG, Lee EW, Rivera M, Dubin N (1993) Blood levels of organochlorine residues and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Canc Inst 85(8): 648–652

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolff MS, Collmann GW, Barett JC, Huff J (1996) Breast cancer and environmental risk factors: epidemiological and experimental findings. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 36: 573–596

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Klinikum Fürth, Frauenklinik Nathanstift, Jakob-Henle-Straße 1, 90766, Fürth

    Prof. Dr.med. Volker Hanf & Wolfgang Körner

Authors
  1. Prof. Dr.med. Volker Hanf
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Wolfgang Körner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hanf, V., Körner, W. (2010). Mammakarzinom und Umweltfaktoren. In: Mammakarzinom Interdisziplinär. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12681-9_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12681-9_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-12680-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-12681-9

  • eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation