Skip to main content

Some Applications of String Algorithms in Human-Computer Interaction

  • Chapter
Algorithms and Applications

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNTCS,volume 6060))

Abstract

Two applications of string algorithms in human-computer interaction are reviewed: one for comparing error rates of text entry techniques, another for abstracting collections of scan paths (paths of eye movements). For both applications, the classic string edit distance algorithm proves useful. For the latter application shortest common supersequences provide one option for further development. Applying them as such could be misleading, but a suitable approximation could provide a useful representation of a set of scan paths.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Aula, A., Majaranta, P., Räihä, K.-J.: Eye-Tracking Reveals the Personal Styles for Search Result Evaluation. In: Costabile, M.F., Paternò, F. (eds.) INTERACT 2005. LNCS, vol. 3585, pp. 1058–1061. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  2. Duchowski, A.T., Driver, J., Robbins, A., Ramey, B.N.: Scanpath Comparison Revisited. In: Proc. Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications (ETRA). ACM Press, New York (in press, 2010)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Dvorak, A., Merrick, N., Dealey, W., Ford, G.: Typewriting Behavior: Psychology Applied to Teaching and Learning Typewriting. American Book Company, New York (1936)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Frey, L.A., White Jr., K.P., Hutchinson, T.E.: Eye-Gaze Word Processing. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics 20, 944–950 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Goldberg, J.H., Helfman, J.I.: Scanpath Clustering and Aggregation. In: Proc. Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications (ETRA). ACM Press, New York (in press, 2010)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Goldberg, J.H., Helfman, J.I.: Visual Scanpath Representation. In: Proc. Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications (ETRA). ACM Press, New York (in press, 2010)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Graffiti, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti_Palm_OS

  8. Grindinger, T., Duchowski, A.T., Sawyer, M.: Group-Wise Similarity and Classification of Aggregate Scanpaths. In: Proc. Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications (ETRA). ACM Press, New York (in press, 2010)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Grover, D.L., King, M.T., Kushler, C.A.: Reduced Keyboard Disambiguating Computer. U.S. Patent 5818437 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Hembrooke, H., Feusner, M., Gay, G.: Averaging Scan Patterns and What They Can Tell Us. In: Proc. Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications (ETRA), p. 41. ACM Press, New York (2006)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  11. Inselberg, A.: The Plane with Parallel Coordinates. The Visual Computer 1, 69–91 (1985)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  12. Jarodzka, H., Holmqvist, K., Nyström, M.: A Vector-based, Multidimensional Scanpath Similarity Measure. In: Proc. Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications (ETRA). ACM Press, New York (in press, 2010)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Jiang, T., Li, M.: On the Approximation of Shortest Common Supersequences and Longest Common Subsequences. In: Shamir, E., Abiteboul, S. (eds.) ICALP 1994. LNCS, vol. 820, pp. 191–202. Springer, Heidelberg (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  14. MacKenzie, I.S.: Evaluation of Text Entry Techniques. In: [17], ch. 4, pp. 75–101 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  15. MacKenzie, I.S.: KSPC (Keystrokes Per Character) as a Characteristic of Text Entry Techniques. In: Paternó, F. (ed.) Mobile HCI 2002. LNCS, vol. 2411, pp. 195–210. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  16. MacKenzie, I.S.: The One-Key Challenge: Searching for a Fast One-Key Text Entry Method. In: Proc. ACM Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS), pp. 91–98. ACM Press, New York (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  17. MacKenzie, I.S., Tanaka-Ishii, K. (eds.): Text Entry Systems: Mobility, Accessibility, Universality. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Maier, D.: The Complexity of Some Problems on Subsequences and Supersequences. Journal of the ACM 25, 322–336 (1978)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  19. Majaranta, P.: Text Entry by Eye Gaze. PhD Thesis, Dissertations in Interactive Technology, Number 11, Department of Computer Sciences. University of Tampere (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Majaranta, P., Ahola, U.-K., Špakov, O.: Fast Gaze Typing with an Adjustable Dwell Time. In: Proc. 27th International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI), pp. 357–360. ACM Press, New York (2009)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  21. Majaranta, P., MacKenzie, I.S., Aula, A., Räihä, K.-J.: Effects of Feedback and Dwell Time on Eye Typing Speed and Accuracy. Universal Access in the Information Society 5, 199–208 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Majaranta, P., Räihä, K.-J.: Text Entry by Gaze: Utilizing Eye Tracking. In: [17], ch. 9, pp. 175–187 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  23. McWhirter, N. (ed.): The Guinness Book of World Records, 23rd US edn. Sterling, New York (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Nielsen, J.: F-Shaped Pattern for Reading Web Content. Alertbox (2006), http://www.useit.com/alertbox/reading_pattern.html

  25. Pomplun, M., Ritter, H., Velichkovsky, B.M.: Disambiguating Complex Visual Information: Towards Communication of Personal Views of a Scene. Perception 25, 931–948 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Räihä, K.-J., Aula, A., Majaranta, P., Rantala, H., Koivunen, K.: Static Visualization of Temporal Eye-Tracking Data. In: Costabile, M.F., Paternò, F. (eds.) INTERACT 2005. LNCS, vol. 3585, pp. 946–949. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  27. Räihä, K.-J., Ukkonen, E.: Minimizing the Number of Evaluation Passes for Attribute Grammars. SIAM Journal on Computing 10, 772–786 (1981)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  28. Räihä, K.-J., Ukkonen, E.: The Shortest Common Supersequence Problem over Binary Alphabet is NP-complete. Theoretical Computer Science 16, 187–198 (1981)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  29. Santella, A., DeCarlo, D.: Robust Clustering of Eye Movement Recordings for Quantification of Visual Interest. In: Proc. Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications (ETRA), pp. 27–34. ACM Press, New York (2004)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  30. Siirtola, H., Laivo, T., Heimonen, T., Räihä, K.-J.: Visual Perception of Parallel Coordinate Visualizations. In: Proc. 13th International Conference on Information Visualisation (IV), pp. 3–9. IEEE Press, New York (2009)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  31. Silfverberg, M.: Historical Overview of Consumer Text Entry Technologies. In: [17], ch. 1, pp. 3–25 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Soukoreff, R.W., MacKenzie, I.S.: Measuring Errors in Text Entry Tasks: An Application of the Levenshtein String Distance Statistic. In: Extended Abstracts of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing System (CHI), pp. 319–320. ACM Press, New York (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Špakov, O.: iComponent − Device-Independent Platform for Analyzing Eye Movement Data and Developing Eye-Based Applications. PhD Thesis, Dissertations in Interactive Technology, Number 9, Department of Computer Sciences, University of Tampere (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Torstling, A.: The Mean Gaze Path: Information Reduction and Non-Intrusive Attention Detection for Eye Tracking. M.Sc. thesis, Report XR-EE-SB 2007:008, The Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Tuisku, O., Majaranta, P., Isokoski, P., Räihä, K.-J.: Now Dasher! Dash Away! Longitudinal Study of Fast Text Entry by Eye Gaze. In: Proc. Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications (ETRA), pp. 19–26. ACM Press, New York (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Ukkonen, A.: Visualizing Sets of Partial Rankings. In: Berthold, M.R., Shawe-Taylor, J., Lavrač, N. (eds.) IDA 2007. LNCS, vol. 4723, pp. 240–251. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  37. Ukkonen, E.: Algorithms for Approximate String Matching. Information and Control 64, 100–118 (1985)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  38. Ward, D.J., Blackwell, A.F., MacKay, D.J.C.: Dasher: A Data Entry Interface Using Continuous Gestures and Language Models. In: Proc. ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST), pp. 129–137. ACM Press, New York (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Ward, D.J., MacKay, D.J.C.: Fast Hands-Free Writing by Gaze Direction. Nature 418, 838 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. West, J.M., Haake, A.R., Rozanski, E.P., Karn, K.S.: eyePatterns: Software for Identifying Patterns and Similarities Across Fixation Sequences. In: Proc. Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications (ETRA), pp. 149–154. ACM Press, New York (2006)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  41. Wobbrock, J.O.: Measures of Text Entry Performance. In: [17], ch. 3, pp. 47–74 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Wooding, D.S.: Fixation Maps: Quantifying Eye-Movement Traces. In: Proc. Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications (ETRA), pp. 31–36. ACM Press, New York (2002)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  43. Yarbus, A.L.: Eye Movements and Vision. Plenum Press, New York (1967)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Räihä, KJ. (2010). Some Applications of String Algorithms in Human-Computer Interaction. In: Elomaa, T., Mannila, H., Orponen, P. (eds) Algorithms and Applications. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 6060. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12476-1_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12476-1_14

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-12475-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-12476-1

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics