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The Species Flocks of the Viviparous Freshwater Gastropod Tylomelania (Mollusca: Cerithioidea: Pachychilidae) in the Ancient Lakes of Sulawesi, Indonesia: The Role of Geography, Trophic Morphology and Color as Driving Forces in Adaptive Radiation

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Evolution in Action

Abstract

The study of species flocks in island settings such as ancient lakes can contribute significantly to our understanding of fundamental evolutionary processes, such as speciation, radiation, adaptation, and coevolution. We here use endemic freshwater gastropods in ancient lakes on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi as models to gain insights into patterns and mechanisms of lacustrine diversification. In two central lake systems on the island, i.e., Lake Poso and the five connected Malili lakes, the pachychilid freshwater snail genus Tylomelania has radiated into a diverse endemic assemblage of c. 53 species of morphologically distinct viviparous gastropods. Molecular phylogenetic data revealed that independent and multiple colonizations of the two lake systems by fluviatile ancestors have led to four morphologically and ecologically diverse adaptive radiations, one in Lake Poso and three in the Malili system. The evolution of habitat preferences and trophic specialization most likely drive diversification in both systems, while geography, i.e., allopatric speciation, is a major factor in the spatially strongly structured Malili system. Highly characteristic lacustrine shell forms have evolved in all lakes through escalation, i.e., coevolution with molluscivorous crabs. The role of the conspicuous body coloration present mainly in Lake Poso species remains to be elucidated, specifically its potential role in diversification processes. Finally, the setting of the Sulawesi snail species flocks with two independent radiations under almost identical extrinsic conditions offers insights into parallel patterns of adaptive evolution. However, a major conservation effort will be required to preserve the lakes’ spectacular species for future research.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Ristiyanti Marwoto (Zoological Museum Bogor) who was very helpful in the preparation of the fieldwork in Indonesia and A. Munandar who provided assistance in the field. We thank LIPI for permits to conduct research in Indonesia. We are most indebted to INCO for its invaluable logistic support at the lakes during our many visits. Claudia Dames, Betina Gregor, Tanja Miethe, Jutta Simonis (Museum für Naturkunde Berlin), Janice Jang (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and Daniela Franz (Technische Universität Dresden) were of great help in collecting genetic and morphological data from both ancient lake systems. This work was funded by research grants GL 297/1 and GL 297/7 awarded to M.G. from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.

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  1. Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany

    Thomas von Rintelen, Kristina von Rintelen & Matthias Glaubrecht

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  1. Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt Universität Berlin, Invalidenstraße 43, Berlin, 10115, Germany

    Matthias Glaubrecht

Appendix 1.

Appendix 1.

Species of Tylomelania described from the ancient lakes of Sulawesi and species diversity estimates for the lakes and the entire island (based on Rintelen and Glaubrecht 2003; Rintelen and Glaubrecht 2008; Rintelen et al. 2007a; unpublished data)

Region/Taxon (*=not endemic)

No. of species

Sulawesi

N = 44 + c. 32 undescribed

Malili lake system

n = 28

Lake Matano

n = 7 (6 endemic)

T. gemmifera Sarasin and Sarasin 1897

 

T. matannensis Rintelen et al. 2007a

 

T. molesta Sarasin and Sarasin 1897

 

*T. palicolarum Sarasin and Sarasin 1897

 

T. patriarchalis Sarasin and Sarasin 1897

 

T. turriformis Rintelen et al. 2007a

 

T. zeamais Sarasin and Sarasin 1897

 

Lake Mahalona

n = 9 (4 endemic)

T. confusa Rintelen et al. 2007a

 

T. hannelorae Rintelen and Glaubrecht 2008

 

T. inconspicua Rintelen et al. 2007a

 

*T. insulaesacrae Sarasin and Sarasin 1897

 

T. kruimeli Rintelen and Glaubrecht 2003

 

*T. mahalonensis Kruimel 1913

 

*T. marwotoae Rintelen et al. 2007a

 

*T. palicolarum Sarasin and Sarasin 1897

 

*T. wolterecki Rintelen et al. 2007a

 

Tominanga river

n = 4 (1 endemic)

*T. tominangensis Kruimel 1913

 

*T. mahalonensis Kruimel 1913

 

*T. towutica Kruimel 1913

 

T. wesseli Rintelen et al. 2007a

 

Lake Towuti

n = 10 (6 endemic)

T. amphiderita Rintelen et al. 2007a

 

T. bakara Rintelen and Glaubrecht 2003

 

*T. insulaesacrae Sarasin and Sarasin 1897

 

T. kristinae Rintelen et al. 2007a

 

T. lalemae Kruimel 1913

 

*T. marwotoae Rintelen et al. 2007a

 

T. sarasinorum Kruimel 1913

 

T. towutensis Sarasin and Sarasin 1897

 

*T. towutica Kruimel 1913

 

*T. wolterecki Rintelen et al. 2007a

 

Lake Lontoa

n = 2 (1 endemic)

T. abendanoni Kruimel 1913

 

*T. tominangensis Kruimel 1913

 

Lake Masapi

n = 1 (endemic)

T. masapensis Kruimel 1913

 

Larona River

n = 2 (endemic)

T. baskasti Rintelen and Glaubrecht 2008

 

T. sinabartfeldi Rintelen and Glaubrecht 2008

 

Lake Poso

n = 7 + c. 18 undescribed

Lake Poso

n = 4 + c. 10 undescribed

T. carbo Sarasin and Sarasin 1897

 

T. centaurus Sarasin and Sarasin 1898

 

T. kuli Sarasin and Sarasin 1898

 

T. toradjarum Sarasin and Sarasin 1897

 

Poso River

n = 3 + c. 8 undescribed

T. connectens Sarasin and Sarasin 1898

 

T. neritiformis Sarasin and Sarasin 1897

 

T. porcellanica Sarasin and Sarasin 1897

 

Rivers

n = 9 + c. 14 undescribed

div. Tylomelania species (not listed here in detail)

 

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von Rintelen, T., von Rintelen, K., Glaubrecht, M. (2010). The Species Flocks of the Viviparous Freshwater Gastropod Tylomelania (Mollusca: Cerithioidea: Pachychilidae) in the Ancient Lakes of Sulawesi, Indonesia: The Role of Geography, Trophic Morphology and Color as Driving Forces in Adaptive Radiation. In: Glaubrecht, M. (eds) Evolution in Action. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12425-9_23

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