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Beyond Sympatric Speciation: Radiation of Sailfin Silverside Fishes in the Malili Lakes (Sulawesi)

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Evolution in Action

Abstract

Adaptive radiations of plants and animals play an important role as model systems in speciation research. Rapid emergence of biological diversity provides opportunities to study adaptive and non-adaptive factors leading to speciation, including the role of spatial factors and ecological, behavioral and genetic mechanisms potentially driving speciation processes. The radiation of sailfin silversides (Atheriniformes: Telmatherinidae) endemic to “Wallace’s Dreamponds”, i.e., the Malili Lakes in Central Sulawesi (Indonesia), allows for testing hypotheses of speciation processes under different geographic settings. Compared with other well-known freshwater fish radiations, the Telmatherinid system is of intermediate size in terms of both, geographical size and organismic diversity. Phylogenetic analyses provide evidence for multiple clades that were connected secondarily through reticulate evolution, but combined analyses support an ancient monophyletic origin of all Telmatherinidae clades in Lake Matano. The consensus view is that the lake contains two reciprocally monophyletic groups of sailfin silversides, highly diverse “sharpfins” heavily introgressed by stream populations, and less diverse “roundfins” not affected by allochthonous introgression. Genetic, morphological, habitat-utilization, trophic, and mate-choice data demonstrate that the most plausible hypothesis for the origin of roundfins is by sympatric speciation. Substantial but not absolute restrictions in gene flow coupled with morphological and behavioral adaptations to distinct ecological niches support the hypothesis that natural selection coupled with assortative mating drives speciation processes in roundfins. In contrast, discrete male color polymorphisms can be explained by sexual selection, but appear not to be associated with population divergence. In line with evidence for adaptive radiation in sharpfins, natural selection for distinct resources is certainly a major force shaping diversity in this lacustrine radiation. However, the role of divergent sexual selection on divergence of ecologically diverse sharpfins remains to be tested.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Inferences of evolutionary history of radiations from phylogenetic data require an adequate taxon sampling, including the relevant outgroups (see Herder et al. (2006a, 2006c), Schliewen et al. (2006) and Schwarzer et al. (2008) for discussion with respect to publications on fish radiations in Sulawesi (Roy et al. 2004, 2007a, b) and in Nicaraguan crater lakes (Barluenga et al. 2006). In addition, quality control of a posteriori inferences critically depends on the availability of “individualized” voucher material, in order to enable cross-checking of results. This is especially important for studies of incipient speciation, where phenotypic variation is not necessarily discrete and unambigous assignment of individuals to (emerging) species is not always possible.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) for the permit to conduct research in Indonesia. We are especially grateful to R. K. Hadiaty for strongly supporting our project in Indonesia. PT. INCO provided outstanding logistic support in Sulawesi. A. Cerwenka, S. Chapuis, J. Frommen, R. K. Hadiaty, J. Herder, A. Nolte, J. Pfaender and J. Schwarzer contributed in the field and/or laboratory to the success of the project. W. Wickler (MPG) enabled the study by financing a pilot study. Fieldwork greatly benefited from logistic support in Indonesia by T. von Rintelen. We acknowledge T. von Rintelen for providing access to digitized maps. Comments and suggestions by Jobst Pfaender and two anonymous referees helped improving the manuscript. This study was funded by research grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft to UKS (DFG SCHL 567/2-1, 2, 3) and by a graduate fellowship donated by the Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms- Universität Bonn to F.H.

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  1. Sektion Ichthyologie, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113, Bonn, Germany

    Fabian Herder

  2. Department of Ichthyology, Bavarian State Collection of Zoology (ZSM), Münchhausenstr. 21, 81247, München, Germany

    Fabian Herder & Ulrich K. Schliewen

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  1. Fabian Herder
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Correspondence to Fabian Herder .

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  1. Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt Universität Berlin, Invalidenstraße 43, Berlin, 10115, Germany

    Matthias Glaubrecht

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Herder, F., Schliewen, U.K. (2010). Beyond Sympatric Speciation: Radiation of Sailfin Silverside Fishes in the Malili Lakes (Sulawesi). In: Glaubrecht, M. (eds) Evolution in Action. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12425-9_22

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