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The Expeditions of the First International Polar Year

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Book cover The History of the International Polar Years (IPYs)

Part of the book series: From Pole to Pole ((POLE))

Abstract

When reading through the accounts of the various IPY-1 expeditions, one is easily struck by the great variation in the courses of each expedition. These reports were originally published in five different languages and each one gives a thorough description of the execution of the specific expedition, including details that for many of us are of far more interest than the meticulously noted scientific observations.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Summaries of these in English are collected in Barr, William 2008. See also Baker 1982.

  2. 2.

    This account is based on Barr (2003).

  3. 3.

    Wilczek (1934:148).

  4. 4.

    Wohlgemuth (1886:25).

  5. 5.

    Quote from a manuscript in the Norwegian Foreign Ministry archives.

  6. 6.

    Wohlgemuth in a manuscript in the Norwegian Foreign Ministry archives.

  7. 7.

    Wohlgemuth (1886:73).

  8. 8.

    Stauning (2004).

  9. 9.

    Stauning (2002).

  10. 10.

    Højlund Nielsen (2008).

  11. 11.

    Barr (2008:263–265).

  12. 12.

    See, e.g. Paulsen (1884).

  13. 13.

    Stauning (2002).

  14. 14.

    Barr (2008:266).

  15. 15.

    The main sources for this chapter are Barr (2008) and Nevanlinna (1999).

  16. 16.

    Nevanlinna (1999:16).

  17. 17.

    Barr (2008:273).

  18. 18.

    Barr (2008:274).

  19. 19.

    ibid.

  20. 20.

    Popular Science Monthly.

  21. 21.

    Heathcote and Armitage (1959:40) quoted in Barr (2008:276).

  22. 22.

    Barr (2008:277)

  23. 23.

    ibid.

  24. 24.

    Nevanlinna (1999:17).

  25. 25.

    Information mainly from Barr (2008) and from Scientific American Supplement.

  26. 26.

    Scientific American Supplement.

  27. 27.

    ibid.

  28. 28.

    Barr (2008:322).

  29. 29.

    ibid.

  30. 30.

    (http://www.victory-cruises.com/cape_horn_patagonian_news3.html)

  31. 31.

    Baker (2009).

  32. 32.

    Baker (2009:266).

  33. 33.

    Barr (2008:345).

  34. 34.

    ibid:346.

  35. 35.

    The main sources for this Kingua Fjord account are Neumayer und Börgen (1886) and Barr (2008).

  36. 36.

    Barr (2008:103).

  37. 37.

    Barr (2008:105).

  38. 38.

    Barr (2008:106).

  39. 39.

    The main sources for this part of the chapter are Barr (2008), Kretzer (year not given), Lüdecke (2008) and (Station diary of South Georgia, unpublished, written by all station members between 20 September 1882 and 4 March 1883 with no entries between 11 January and 17 February 1883 and 19 February and 4 March. In private possession of Oskar Reinwarth, Munich, unpublished).

  40. 40.

    Headland (1984:60–61).

  41. 41.

    Howat (2009).

  42. 42.

    Headland (1984:58).

  43. 43.

    With a break in entries 22–27 February and 19 February–3 March.

  44. 44.

    See about later visitors in Headland 1984.

  45. 45.

    Barr (2008:347).

  46. 46.

    Neumayer und Börgen (1886), Lüdecke (2005).

  47. 47.

    Levere (1993:260) refers to Robert Brown as the arctic geographer Robert Brown of Campster, who accompanied Whymper to Greenland – ref. R. Brown, Journal, Greenland Expeditions 1867, SPRI MS 441/2/1. He adds that “This Robert Brown was the son of Thomas Brown; the names are common in Scotland and I have not found any connection between the Browns of Campster and the great botanist Robert Brown” (1773–1858). The younger Robert Brown is credited with geological, oceanographic and botanical work. Brown was by some interested parties put forward as a candidate for the British Arctic Expedition 1875–1876 but was not chosen by the Adminralty.

  48. 48.

    Quoted in Levere (1993:315) with reference SPRI MS 441/9/20. I am grateful to Aant Elzinga for bringing this to my notice.

  49. 49.

    Encyclopedia of the Arctic, Volume 2:1257.

  50. 50.

    Barr (2008:255).

  51. 51.

    ibid.

  52. 52.

    (http://www.greatcanadianlakes.com/northwest/slave/cul_page3.htm)

  53. 53.

    (http://www.innovationcanada.ca/en/articles/securing-an-ipy-legacy).

  54. 54.

    Further details about the expedition are mostly from Barr (2008).

  55. 55.

    nature 28.

  56. 56.

    Barr (2008:262).

  57. 57.

    nature 133.

  58. 58.

    Barr (2008:263).

  59. 59.

    Hacquebord (1995:9).

  60. 60.

    Snellen (1886:12).

  61. 61.

    Rijksarchief Noord-Holland 64/394.

  62. 62.

    Snellen (1886:1).

  63. 63.

    Langerveld (1983:14–18).

  64. 64.

    Morzer Bruyns (1985:79).

  65. 65.

    Snellen (1886:32).

  66. 66.

    Snellen (1886:32).

  67. 67.

    Snellen (1886:33).

  68. 68.

    Morzer Bruyns (1985:80).

  69. 69.

    Snellen (1886:39).

  70. 70.

    Snellen (1886:37).

  71. 71.

    Snellen (1886:59).

  72. 72.

    Snellen (1886:64).

  73. 73.

    Snellen (1886:100).

  74. 74.

    Snellen (1886:100).

  75. 75.

    Photo from Snellen M. and Ekama H. 1910: Rapport sur l’Expédition Néerlandaise qui a hiverné dans la Mer de Kara en (1882/1883). Utrecht: J. Van Boekhoven.

  76. 76.

    Snellen (1886:73).

  77. 77.

    Snellen (1886:97).

  78. 78.

    Snellen (1886:149).

  79. 79.

    Snellen (1886:152–153).

  80. 80.

    Snellen (1886:155).

  81. 81.

    Willem Barentsz Station on the tundra south of Dickson.

  82. 82.

    Bones (2007a).

  83. 83.

    ibid:196.

  84. 84.

    Bones (2007b).

  85. 85.

    ibid.

  86. 86.

    Barr (2008:270).

  87. 87.

    ibid:271.

  88. 88.

    Tromholt (1885) is the main source for this account.

  89. 89.

    Tromholt (1885).

  90. 90.

    Quoted from Tromholt (2007:IX).

  91. 91.

    Tromholt (1885:426).

  92. 92.

    Österreichisches Staatsarchiv, Nachlass Weyprecht, B/205:1–3, Bl. 173–174v.

  93. 93.

    Österreichisches Staatsarchiv, Nachlass Weyprecht, B/205:1–3, Bl. 185–186v.

  94. 94.

    Because of the difference of 12 days in the Russian and European calendars in the nineteenth century, for the sake of clarity, only the new calendar has been used in the text.

  95. 95.

    Österreichisches Staatsarchiv, Nachlass Weyprecht, B/205:1–3, Bl. 233–233v.

  96. 96.

    Österreichisches Staatsarchiv, Nachlass Weyprecht, B/205:1–3, Bl. 309v–310.

  97. 97.

    Österreichisches Staatsarchiv, Nachlass Weyprecht, B/205:1–3, Bl. 309–309v.

  98. 98.

    Semenov (1896: 692).

  99. 99.

    Weyprecht K, Wilczek H von. An die hohe kaiserlich Russische Geografische Gesellschaft zu St Petersburg (Universitätsbibliothek Giessen, Handschriftenabteilung, Nachlass von Baer. Bd. 38, Bl. 60–64v; St Petersburg: Department of the Archives of the Academy of Sciences of Russia, f. 210, op. 2, No 71, l. 9–14).

  100. 100.

    St Petersburg: Department of the Archives of the Academy of Sciences of Russia, f. 210, op. 2, No 71, l. 1–4.

  101. 101.

    Archive of the Russian Geographical Society, f. 1–1876, op. 1, No 7, l. 23.

  102. 102.

    St Petersburg: Department of the Archives of the Academy of Sciences of Russia, f. 210, op. 2, No 66, l. 50.

  103. 103.

    St Petersburg: Department of the Archives of the Academy of Sciences of Russia, f. 210, op. 2, No 68, l. 39; Archive the Russian Geographial Society, f. 1–1876, op. 1, No 7, l. 194– 194 ob.

  104. 104.

    Members of the commission were Osten-Sacken, Wild, Leopold von Schrenck (1826–1894), geologist Friedrich Schmidt (1832–1908), topographer Otto Stubendorff (1837–1918), astronomer August Wagner (1828–1886), meteorologist Mikhail Aleksandrovich Rykachev (1840–1919), hydrographer Ferdinand von Wrangell jun (1844–1919), meteorologist Aleksandr Ivanovich Voeikov (1842–1916), Oberst Konstantin Vasil’evich Scharnhorst, mathematician Ferdinand Müller (1837–1900) and Nikolaj Vasil’evich Latkin (St Petersburg: Department of the Archives of the Academy of Sciences of Russia, f. 210, op. 2, No 66, l. 52).

  105. 105.

    Archive the Russian Geographial Society, f. 1–1876, op. 1, No 7, l. 194.

  106. 106.

    Protokoly (1882b:61—62).

  107. 107.

    Protokoly (1882:117, 119–122), Deistviya (1882a:22).

  108. 108.

    Bunge (1895:1–2), Barr (1985: 85).

  109. 109.

    Svedeniya (1882b:47–48).

  110. 110.

    Svedeniya… (1883a, b).

  111. 111.

    Svedeniya… (1883a).

  112. 112.

    Svedeniya… (1882a:127).

  113. 113.

    Bunge (1895:23), Barr (1985: 90).

  114. 114.

    Bunge (1895:23).

  115. 115.

    Svedeniya… (1884b), Bunge (1895:16–23).

  116. 116.

    Svedeniya… (1884b), Bunge (1895:34).

  117. 117.

    Svedeniya (1883b:19–20).

  118. 118.

    Svedeniya… (1884a:34)

  119. 119.

    Svedeniya… (1884:33–35)

  120. 120.

    Yürgens (1885)

  121. 121.

    Protokoly (1885:76)

  122. 122.

    Archive the Russian geographical society, f. 1–1876, op. 1, No 7, l. 146 ob.

  123. 123.

    St Petersburg: Department of the Archives of the Academy of Sciences of Russia, f. 210, op. 2, No 68, l. 43.

  124. 124.

    Deistviya… (1882:35, 45).

  125. 125.

    Archive the Russian geographical society, f. 1-1876, op. 1, No 7, l. 152.

  126. 126.

    Deistviya (1882:45–46), Andreev, 1891: III; Barr 1985:111

  127. 127.

    Deistviya (1882a:31–32)

  128. 128.

    Andreev (1891:II).

  129. 129.

    Smirnov (2007:134).

  130. 130.

    [Andreev] (1891:VI; Barr 1985:113).

  131. 131.

    Grineveckii (1883).

  132. 132.

    [Andreev] (1891), V; Deistviya… (1885:95–96).

  133. 133.

    Deistviya… (1885:95–96).

  134. 134.

    [Andreev] (1891:XIV).

  135. 135.

    Deistviya… (1884:68).

  136. 136.

    [Andreev] (1891:I).

  137. 137.

    Deistviya… (1884:68).

  138. 138.

    Paseckii (1978:200).

  139. 139.

    St Petersburg: Department of the Archives of the Academy of Sciences of Russia, f. 210, op. 2, No 71, l. 130–136.

  140. 140.

    Lenz (1886a).

  141. 141.

    Lenz (1891).

  142. 142.

    Lenz (1886b, 1887).

  143. 143.

    Lenz (1891), Tillo (1895).

  144. 144.

    Information in the first section is from Liljequist (1993).

  145. 145.

    Liljequist (1993:13).

  146. 146.

    Liljequist (1993:22).

  147. 147.

    Quoted in Liljequist (1993:174).

  148. 148.

    Information in the following section from Barr (1983).

  149. 149.

    Ekholm (1887).

  150. 150.

    Information mainly from Barr (2008).

  151. 151.

    Greely (1886a) quoted in Barr (2008:12).

  152. 152.

    Greely (1886a).

  153. 153.

    Barr (2008:31).

  154. 154.

    A relatively personal article exhonerating Pavy is to be found in Pavy (1886).

  155. 155.

    Pavy (1886).

  156. 156.

    Barr (2008:62).

  157. 157.

    Quoted in (Barr 1996:27).

  158. 158.

    The main source for this account is Barr (2008).

  159. 159.

    Barr (2008:78).

  160. 160.

    Ray (1885) quoted in Barr (2008:78).

  161. 161.

    Barr (2008:365–366).

  162. 162.

    Smithsonian Institution Archives.

  163. 163.

    Barr (2008:365–366).

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Acknowledgment

This chapter was written with the support of grant Nr. 7381 of the Estonian Science Foundation and grant Nr. SF0180049s09 of the Ministry of Education and Science in Estonia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Directorate for Cultural Heritage, PO Box 8196 Dep, NO-0034, Oslo, Norway

    Susan Barr

  2. Willem Barents Polar Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands

    Louwrens Hacquebord

  3. Centre for Science Studies, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia

    Erki Tammiksaar

  4. St. Petersburg Branch of the Institute for the History of Science and Technology named after S.I. Vavilov of The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

    Natal’ya Georgievna Sukhova

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  1. Susan Barr
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Correspondence to Susan Barr , Susan Barr , Susan Barr , Susan Barr , Susan Barr , Susan Barr , Susan Barr , Susan Barr , Susan Barr , Louwrens Hacquebord , Susan Barr , Erki Tammiksaar , Susan Barr or Susan Barr .

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  1. c/o Directorate for Cultural Heritage, Oslo, 0034, Norway

    Susan Barr

  2. Fernpassstrasse 3, Munich, 81373, Germany

    Cornelia Luedecke

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Barr, S., Hacquebord, L., Tammiksaar, E., Sukhova, N.G. (2010). The Expeditions of the First International Polar Year. In: Barr, S., Luedecke, C. (eds) The History of the International Polar Years (IPYs). From Pole to Pole. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12402-0_3

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