Abstract
The skin, situated at the interface between the body and its environment, is constantly exposed to numerous environmental, physical, and chemical agents. Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes dysfunction of signaling pathways, disturbances in the apoptotic machinery, DNA damage, mutations in critical target genes, and immunosuppression. Collective effects of these lead to photocarcinogenesis and photoaging. Therefore, there is a need to develop novel strategies to reduce the adverse biological effects of UV radiation on the skin. The concept of photoprotection is gaining considerable attention as a practical approach to reduce the occurrence of skin cancer and photoaging. In recent years, the use of botanical antioxidants, present in the common diet and beverages consumed by the humans, has gained considerable attention as photoprotective agents. Animal model and cell culture studies have elucidated that botanical antioxidants act by several mechanisms to delay photocarcinogenesis and prevent photoaging. This chapter presents an overview of some of the selected botanical antioxidants for skin protection.Helfaer Professor of Cancer Research, Director and Vice Chair for Research(608) 263–3927(608) 263–5223
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Afaq, F., Adhami, V.M., Mukhtar, H.: Photochemoprevention of ultraviolet B signaling and photocarcinogenesis. Mutat. Res. 571, 153–173 (2005)
Bachelor, M.A., Bowden, G.T.: UVA-mediated activation of signaling pathways involved in skin tumor promotion and progression. Semin. Cancer Biol. 14, 131–138 (2004)
Adhami, V.M., Syed, D.N., Khan, N., Afaq, F.: Phytochemicals for prevention of solar ultraviolet radiation-induced damages. Photochem. Photobiol. 84, 489–500 (2008)
Afaq, F., Mukhtar, H.: Botanical antioxidants in the prevention of photocarcinogenesis and photoaging. Exp. Dermatol. 15, 678–684 (2006)
Bowden, G.T.: Prevention of non-melanoma skin cancer by targeting ultraviolet-B-light signalling. Nat. Rev. Cancer 4, 23–35 (2004)
Lu, Y.P., Lou, Y.R., Yen, P., Mitchell, D., Huang, M.T., Conney, A.H.: Time course for early adaptive responses to ultraviolet B light in the epidermis of SKH-1 mice. Cancer Res. 59, 4591–4602 (1999)
McLoone, P., Simics, E., Barton, A., Norval, M., Gibbs, N.K.: An action spectrum for the production of cis-urocanic acid in human skin in vivo. J. Invest. Dermatol. 124, 1071–1074 (2005)
Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Hao Y, Xu J, Thun MJ (2009) Cancer Statistics, 2009. CA Cancer J Clin 2009 Jun 25
Kligman, L.H., Kligman, A.M.: The nature of photoageing: its prevention and repair. Photodermatology 3, 215–227 (1986)
Rabe, J.H., Mamelak, A.J., McElgunn, P.J., Morison, W.L., Sauder, D.N.: Photoaging: mechanisms and repair. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 55, 1–19 (2006)
Uitto, J.: The role of elastin and collagen in cutaneous aging: intrinsic aging versus photoexposure. J. Drugs Dermatol. 7(2 Suppl), s12–s16 (2008)
Sander, C.S., Chang, H., Salzmann, S., Muller, C.S., Ekanayake-Mudiyanselage, S., Elsner, P., Thiele, J.J.: Photoaging is associated with protein oxidation in human skin in vivo. J. Invest. Dermatol. 118, 618–625 (2002)
Seo, J.Y., Lee, S.H., Youn, C.S., Choi, H.R., Rhie, G.E., Cho, K.H., Kim, K.H., Park, K.C., Eun, H.C., Chung, J.H.: Ultraviolet radiation increases tropoelastin mRNA expression in the epidermis of human skin in vivo. J. Invest. Dermatol. 116, 915–919 (2001)
Afaq, F., Zaid, M.A., Khan, N., Dreher, M., Mukhtar, H.: Protective effect of pomegranate-derived products on UVB-mediated damage in human reconstituted skin. Exp. Dermatol. 18, 553–561 (2009)
Chung, J.H., Seo, J.Y., Choi, H.R., Lee, M.K., Youn, C.S., Rhie, G., Cho, K.H., Kim, K.H., Park, K.C., Eun, H.C.: Modulation of skin collagen metabolism in aged and photoaged human skin in vivo. J. Invest. Dermatol. 117, 1218–1224 (2001)
Chen, Z., Shin, M.H., Moon, Y.J., Lee, S.R., Kim, Y.K., Seo, J.E., Kim, J.E., Kim, K.H., Chung, J.H.: Modulation of elastin exon 26A mRNA and protein expression in human skin in vivo. Exp. Dermatol. 18, 378–386 (2009)
Krutmann, J., Gilchrest, B.A.: Photoaging of skin. In: Gilchrest, B.A., Krutmann, J. (eds.) Skin Aging, pp. 33–44. Springer, New York (2006)
Surh, Y.J.: Cancer chemoprevention with dietary phytochemicals. Nat. Rev. Cancer 3, 768–780 (2003)
Katiyar, S.K., Afaq, F., Azizuddin, K., Mukhtar, H.: Inhibition of UVB-induced oxidative stress-mediated phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes by green tea polyphenol (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 176, 110–117 (2002)
Afaq, F., Adhami, V.M., Ahmad, N., Mukhtar, H.: Inhibition of ultraviolet B-mediated activation of nuclear factor kappaB in normal human epidermal keratinocytes by green tea constituent(−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Oncogene 22, 1035–1044 (2003)
Xia, J., Song, X., Bi, Z., Chu, W., Wan, Y.: UV-induced NF-kappaB activation and expression of IL-6 is attenuated by (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in cultured human keratinocytes in vitro. Int. J. Mol. Med. 16, 943–950 (2005)
Afaq, F., Ahmad, N., Mukhtar, H.: Suppression of UVB-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor kappa B by green tea polyphenol in SKH-1 hairless mice. Oncogene 22, 9254–9264 (2003)
Katiyar, S.K., Mukhtar, H.: Green tea polyphenol (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate treatment to mouse skin prevents UVB-induced infiltration of leukocytes, depletion of antigen-presenting cells, and oxidative stress. J. Leukoc. Biol. 69, 719–726 (2001)
Sevin, A., Oztaş, P., Senen, D., Han, U., Karaman, C., Tarimci, N., Kartal, M., Erdoğan, B.: Effects of polyphenols on skin damage due to ultraviolet A rays: an experimental study on rats. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 21, 650–656 (2007)
Jeon, H.Y., Kim, J.K., Kim, W.G., Lee, S.J.: Effects of oral epigallocatechin gallate supplementation on the minimal erythema dose and UV-induced skin damage. Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. 22, 137–141 (2009)
Wang, Z.Y., Agarwal, R., Bickers, D.R., Mukhtar, H.: Protection against ultraviolet B radiation-induced photocarcinogenesis in hairless mice by green tea polyphenols. Carcinogenesis 12, 1527–1530 (1991)
Conney, A.H., Wang, Z.Y., Huang, M.T., Ho, C.T., Yang, C.S.: Inhibitory effect of green tea on tumorigenesis by chemicals and ultraviolet light. Prev. Med. 21, 361–369 (1992)
Wang, Z.Y., Huang, M.T., Lou, Y.R., Xie, J.G., Reuhl, K.R., Newmark, H.L., Ho, C.T., Yang, C.S., Conney, A.H.: Inhibitory effects of black tea, green tea, decaffeinated black tea, and decaffeinated green tea on ultraviolet B light-induced skin carcinogenesis in 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-initiated SKH-1 mice. Cancer Res. 54, 3428–3435 (1994)
Conney, A.H., Lu, Y.P., Lou, Y.R., Huang, M.T.: Inhibitory effects of tea and caffeine on UV-induced carcinogenesis: relationship to enhanced apoptosis and decreased tissue fat. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 11(Suppl 2), S28–S36 (2002)
Lu, Y.P., Lou, Y.R., Li, X.H., Xie, J.G., Brash, D., Huang, M.T.: Conney AH (2000) Stimulatory effect of oral administration of green tea or caffeine on ultraviolet light-induced increases in epidermal wild-type p53, p21(WAF1/CIP1), and apoptotic sunburn cells in SKH-1 mice. Cancer Res. 60, 4785–4791 (2000)
Lu, Y.P., Lou, Y.R., Liao, J., Xie, J.G., Peng, Q.Y., Yang, C.S., Conney, A.H.: Administration of green tea or caffeine enhances the disappearance of UVB-induced patches of mutant p53 positive epidermal cells in SKH-1 mice. Carcinogenesis 26, 1465–1472 (2005)
Kramata, P., Lu, Y.P., Lou, Y.R., Cohen, J.L., Olcha, M., Liu, S., Conney, A.H.: Effect of administration of caffeine or green tea on the mutation profile in the p53 gene in early mutant p53-positive patches of epidermal cells induced by chronic UVB-irradiation of hairless SKH-1 mice. Carcinogenesis 26, 1965–1974 (2005)
Katiyar, S.K., Elmets, C.A., Agarwal, R., Mukhtar, H.: Protection against ultraviolet-B radiation-induced local and systemic suppression of contact hypersensitivity and edema responses in C3H/HeN mice by green tea polyphenols. Photochem. Photobiol. 62, 855–861 (1995)
Katiyar, S.K., Challa, A., McCormick, T.S., Cooper, K.D., Mukhtar, H.: Prevention of UVB-induced immunosuppression in mice by the green tea polyphenol (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate may be associated with alterations in IL-10 and IL-12 production. Carcinogenesis 20, 2117–2124 (1999)
Meeran, S.M., Mantena, S.K., Katiyar, S.K.: Prevention of ultraviolet radiation-induced immunosuppression by (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in mice is mediated through interleukin 12-dependent DNA repair. Clin. Cancer Res. 12, 2272–2280 (2006)
Bae, J.Y., Choi, J.S., Choi, Y.J., Shin, S.Y., Kang, S.W., Han, S.J., Kang, Y.H.: (−) Epigallocatechin gallate hampers collagen destruction and collagenase activation in ultraviolet-B-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts: involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase. Food Chem. Toxicol. 46, 1298–1307 (2008)
Vayalil, P.K., Mittal, A., Hara, Y., Elmets, C.A., Katiyar, S.K.: Green tea polyphenols prevent ultraviolet light-induced oxidative damage and matrix metalloproteinases expression in mouse skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 122, 1480–1487 (2004)
Song, D.U., Jung, Y.D., Chay, K.O., Chung, M.A., Lee, K.H., Yang, S.Y., Shin, B.A., Ahn, B.W.: Effect of drinking green tea on age-associated accumulation of Maillard-type fluorescence and carbonyl groups in rat aortic and skin collagen. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 397, 424–429 (2002)
Kim, J., Hwang, J.S., Cho, Y.K., Han, Y., Jeon, Y.J., Yang, K.H.: Protective effects of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate on UVA- and UVB-induced skin damage. Skin Pharmacol. Appl. Skin Physiol. 14, 11–19 (2001)
Katiyar, S.K., Matsui, M.S., Elmets, C.A., Mukhtar, H.: Polyphenolic antioxidant (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate from green tea reduces UVB-induced inflammatory responses and infiltration of leukocytes in human skin. Photochem. Photobiol. 69, 148–153 (1999)
Katiyar, S.K., Afaq, F., Perez, A., Mukhtar, H.: Green tea polyphenol (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate treatment of human skin inhibits ultraviolet radiation-induced oxidative stress. Carcinogenesis 22, 287–294 (2001)
Elmets, C.A., Singh, D., Tubesing, K., Matsui, M., Katiyar, S., Mukhtar, H.: Cutaneous photoprotection from ultraviolet injury by green tea polyphenols. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 44, 425–432 (2001)
Katiyar, S.K., Perez, A., Mukhtar, H.: Green tea polyphenol treatment to human skin prevents formation of ultraviolet light B-induced pyrimidine dimers in DNA. Clin. Cancer Res. 6, 3864–3869 (2000)
Chiu, A.E., Chan, J.L., Kern, D.G., Kohler, S., Rehmus, W.E., Kimball, A.B.: Double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of green tea extracts in the clinical and histologic appearance of photoaging skin. Dermatol. Surg. 31, 855–860 (2005)
Khan, N., Afaq, F., Mukhtar, H.: Cancer chemoprevention through dietary antioxidants: progress and promise. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 10, 475–510 (2008)
Afaq, F., Malik, A., Syed, D., Maes, D., Matsui, M.S., Mukhtar, H.: Pomegranate fruit extract modulates UV-B-mediated phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and activation of nuclear factor kappa B in normal human epidermal keratinocytes paragraph sign. Photochem. Photobiol. 81, 38–45 (2005)
Syed, D.N., Malik, A., Hadi, N., Sarfaraz, S., Afaq, F., Mukhtar, H.: Photochemopreventive effect of pomegranate fruit extract on UVA-mediated activation of cellular pathways in normal human epidermal keratinocytes. Photochem. Photobiol. 82, 398–405 (2006)
Zaid, M.A., Afaq, F., Syed, D.N., Dreher, M., Mukhtar, H.: Inhibition of UVB-mediated oxidative stress and markers of photoaging in immortalized HaCaT keratinocytes by pomegranate polyphenol extract POMx. Photochem. Photobiol. 83, 882–888 (2007)
Afaq, F., Syed, D.N., Malik, A., Hadi, N., Sarfaraz, S., Kweon, M.H., Khan, N., Zaid, M.A., Mukhtar, H.: Delphinidin, an anthocyanidin in pigmented fruits and vegetables, protects human HaCaT keratinocytes and mouse skin against UVB-mediated oxidative stress and apoptosis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 127, 222–232 (2007)
Afaq, F., Hafeez, B.B., Syed, D.N., Kweon, M.H., Mukhtar, H.: Oral feeding of pomegranate fruit extract inhibits early biomarkers of UVB radiation-induced carcinogenesis in SKH-1 hairless mouse epidermis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 126, 141 (2006)
Afaq, F., Zaid, M.A., Khan, N., Syed, D., Hafeez, B.B., Yun, J., Sarfaraz, S., Mukhtar, H.: Pomegranate fruit extract inhibits UVB-induced activation of NFκB and MAPK leading to decreased expression of matrix metalloprotenaises in SKH-1 mouse skin. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. Los Angeles, CA. 2573, 613 (2007)
Afaq, F., Zaid, M.A., Khan, N., Syed, D.N., Yun, J., Sarfaraz, S., Suh, Y., Mukhtar, H.: Inhibitory effect of oral feeding of pomegranate fruit extract on UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis in SKH-1 hairless mice. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 49, 1246 (2008)
Afaq, F., Zaid, M.A., Khan, N., Dreher, M., Mukhtar, H.: Protective effect of pomegranate-derived products on UVB-mediated damage in human reconstituted skin. Exp. Dermatol. 18, 553–561 (2009)
Murad, H., Shellow, V.R.W.: Pomegranate extract both orally ingested and topically applied to augment the SPF of sunscreens. Cosmet. Dermatol. 14, 43 (2001)
Kasai, K., Yoshimura, M., Koga, T., Arii, M., Kawasaki, S.: Effects of oral administration of ellagic acid-rich pomegranate extract on ultraviolet-induced pigmentation in the human skin. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo) 52, 383–388 (2006)
Adhami, V.M., Afaq, F., Ahmad, N.: Suppression of ultraviolet B exposure-mediated activation of NF-kappaB in normal human keratinocytes by resveratrol. Neoplasia 5, 74–82 (2003)
Afaq, F., Adhami, V.M., Ahmad, N.: Prevention of short-term ultraviolet B radiation-mediated damages by resveratrol in SKH-1 hairless mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 186, 28–37 (2003)
Reagan-Shaw, S., Afaq, F., Aziz, M.H., Ahmad, N.: Modulations of critical cell cycle regulatory events during chemoprevention of ultraviolet B-mediated responses by resveratrol in SKH-1 hairless mouse skin. Oncogene 23, 5151–5160 (2004)
Aziz, M.H., Afaq, F., Ahmad, N.: Prevention of ultraviolet-B radiation damage by resveratrol in mouse skin is mediated via modulation in surviving. Photochem. Photobiol. 81, 25–31 (2005)
Aziz, M.H., Reagan-Shaw, S., Wu, J., Longley, B.J., Ahmad, N.: Chemoprevention of skin cancer by grape constituent resveratrol: relevance to human disease? FASEB J. 19, 1193–1195 (2005)
Cao, C., Lu, S., Kivlin, R., Wallin, B., Card, E., Bagdasarian, A., Tamakloe, T., Wang, W.J., Song, X., Chu, W.M., Kouttab, N., Xu, A., Wan, Y.: SIRT1 confers protection against UVB- and H(2)O(2)-induced cell death via modulation of p53 and JNK in cultured skin keratinocytes. J Cell Mol Med Aug 4 (2008)
Svobodová, A., Zdarilová, A., Malisková, J., Mikulková, H., Walterová, D., Vostalová, J.: Attenuation of UVA-induced damage to human keratinocytes by silymarin. J. Dermatol. Sci. 46, 21–30 (2007)
Katiyar, S.K., Roy, A.M., Baliga, M.S.: Silymarin induces apoptosis primarily through a p53-dependent pathway involving Bcl-2/Bax, cytochrome c release, and caspase activation. Mol. Cancer Ther. 4, 207–216 (2005)
Dhanalakshmi, S., Mallikarjuna, G.U., Singh, R.P., Agarwal, R.: Dual efficacy of silibinin in protecting or enhancing ultraviolet B radiation-caused apoptosis in HaCaT human immortalized keratinocytes. Carcinogenesis 25, 99–106 (2004)
Katiyar, S.K., Korman, N.J., Mukhtar, H., Agarwal, R.: Protective effects of silymarin against photocarcinogenesis in a mouse skin model. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 89, 556–566 (1997)
Dhanalakshmi, S., Mallikarjuna, G.U., Singh, R.P., Agarwal, R.: Silibinin prevents ultraviolet radiation-caused skin damages in SKH-1 hairless mice via a decrease in thymine dimer positive cells and an up-regulation of p53-p21/Cip1 in epidermis. Carcinogenesis 25, 1459–1465 (2004)
Dhanalakshmi, S., Agarwal, C., Singh, R.P., Agarwal, R.: Silibinin up-regulates DNA-protein kinase-dependent p53 activation to enhance UVB-induced apoptosis in mouse epithelial JB6 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 20375–20383 (2005)
Katiyar, S.K.: Treatment of silymarin, a plant flavonoid, prevents ultraviolet light-induced immune suppression and oxidative stress in mouse skin. Int. J. Oncol. 21, 1213–1222 (2002)
Meeran, S.M., Katiyar, S., Elmets, C.A., Katiyar, S.K.: Silymarin inhibits UV radiation-induced immunosuppression through augmentation of interleukin-12 in mice. Mol. Cancer Ther. 5, 1660–1668 (2006)
Katiyar, S.K., Meleth, S., Sharma, S.D.: Silymarin, a flavonoid from milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.), inhibits UV-induced oxidative stress through targeting infiltrating CD11b+ cells in mouse skin. Photochem. Photobiol. 84, 266–271 (2008)
Brand, R.M., Jendrzejewski, J.L.: Topical treatment with (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and genistein after a single UV exposure can reduce skin damage. J. Dermatol. Sci. 50, 69–72 (2008)
Miller, C.C., Hale, P., Pentland, A.P.: Ultraviolet B injury increases prostaglandin synthesis through a tyrosine kinase-dependent pathway. Evidence for UVB-induced epidermal growth factor receptor activation. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 3529–3533 (1994)
Isoherranen, K., Westermarck, J., Kähäri, V.M., Jansén, C., Punnonen, K.: Differential regulation of the AP-1 family members by UV irradiation in vitro and in vivo. Cell. Signal. 10, 191–195 (1998)
Lin, J.Y., Tournas, J.A., Burch, J.A., Monteiro-Riviere, N.A., Zielinski, J.: Topical isoflavones provide effective photoprotection to skin. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 24, 61–66 (2008)
Widyarini, S., Spinks, N., Husband, A.J., Reeve, V.E.: Isoflavonoid compounds from red clover (Trifolium pratense) protect from inflammation and immune suppression induced by UV radiation. Photochem. Photobiol. 74, 465–470 (2001)
Moore, J.O., Wang, Y., Stebbins, W.G., Gao, D., Zhou, X., Phelps, R., Lebwohl, M., Wei, H.: Photoprotective effect of isoflavone genistein on ultraviolet B-induced pyrimidine dimer formation and PCNA expression in human reconstituted skin and its implications in dermatology and prevention of cutaneous carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 27, 1627–1635 (2006)
Wei, H., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., Lebwohl, M.: Inhibition of ultraviolet light-induced oxidative events in the skin and internal organs of hairless mice by isoflavonegenistein. Cancer Lett. 185, 21–29 (2002)
Maheshwari, R.K., Singh, A.K., Gaddipati, J., Srimal, R.C.: Multiple biological activities of curcumin: a short review. Life Sci. 78, 2081–2087 (2006)
Aggarwal, B.B., Kumar, A., Bharti, A.C.: Anticancer potential of curcumin: preclinical and clinical studies. Anticancer Res. 23, 363–398 (2003)
Cho, J.W., Park, K., Kweon, G.R., Jang, B.C., Baek, W.K., Suh, M.H., Kim, C.W., Lee, K.S., Suh, S.I.: Curcumin inhibits the expression of COX-2 in UVB-irradiated human keratinocytes (HaCaT) by inhibiting activation of AP-1: p38 MAP kinase and JNK as potential upstream targets. Exp. Mol. Med. 37, 186–192 (2005)
Park, K., Lee, J.H.: Photosensitizer effect of curcumin on UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells through activation of caspase pathways. Oncol. Rep. 17, 537–540 (2007)
Dujic, J., Kippenberger, S., Hoffmann, S., Ramirez-Bosca, A., Miquel, J., Diaz-Alperi, J., Bereiter-Hahn, J., Kaufmann, R., Bernd, A.: Low concentrations of curcumin induce growth arrest and apoptosis in skin keratinocytes only in combination with UVA or visible light. J. Invest. Dermatol. 127, 1992–2000 (2007)
Brigelius-Flohé, R., Banning, A.: Part of the series: from dietary antioxidants to regulators in cellular signaling and gene regulation. Sulforaphane and selenium, partners in adaptive response and prevention of cancer. Free Radic. Res. 40, 775–787 (2006)
Jin, C.Y., Moon, D.O., Lee, J.D., Heo, M.S., Choi, Y.H., Lee, C.M., Park, Y.M., Kim, G.Y.: Sulforaphane sensitizes tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-mediated apoptosis through downregulation of ERK and Akt in lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. Carcinogenesis 28, 1058–1066 (2007)
Dashwood, R.H., Ho, E.: Dietary histone deacetylase inhibitors: from cells to mice to man. Semin. Cancer Biol. 17, 363–369 (2007)
Myzak, M.C., Karplus, P.A., Chung, F.L., Dashwood, R.H.: A novel mechanism of chemoprotection by sulforaphane: inhibition of histone deacetylase. Cancer Res. 64, 5767–5774 (2004)
Dinkova-Kostova, A.T., Holtzclaw, W.D., Cole, R.N., Itoh, K., Wakabayashi, N., Katoh, Y., Yamamoto, M., Talalay, P.: Direct evidence that sulfhydryl groups of Keap1 are the sensors regulating induction of phase 2 enzymes that protect against carcinogens and oxidants. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 11908–11913 (2002)
Dinkova-Kostova, A.T., Fahey, J.W., Wade, K.L., Jenkins, S.N., Shapiro, T.A., Fuchs, E.J., Kerns, M.L., Talalay, P.: Induction of the phase 2 response in mouse and human skin by sulforaphane-containing broccoli sprout extracts. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 16, 847–851 (2007)
Zhu, M., Zhang, Y., Cooper, S., Sikorski, E., Rohwer, J., Bowden, G.T.: Phase II enzyme inducer, sulforaphane, inhibits UVB-induced AP-1 activation in human keratinocytes by a novel mechanism. Mol. Carcinog. 41, 179–186 (2004)
Dinkova-Kostova, A.T., Jenkins, S.N., Fahey, J.W., Ye, L., Wehage, S.L., Liby, K.T., Stephenson, K.K., Wade, K.L., Talalay, P.: Protection against UV-light-induced skin carcinogenesis in SKH-1 high-risk mice by sulforaphane-containing broccoli sprout extracts. Cancer Lett. 240, 243–252 (2006)
Talalay, P., Fahey, J.W., Healy, Z.R., Wehage, S.L., Benedict, A.L., Min, C., Dinkova-Kostova, A.T.: Sulforaphane mobilizes cellular defenses that protect skin against damage by UV radiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104, 17500–17505 (2007)
Khachik, F., Beecher, G.R., Goli, M.B., Lusby, W.R.: Separation, identification, and quantification of carotenoids in fruits, vegetables and human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography. Pure Appl. Chem. 63, 71–80 (1991)
Ribaya-Mercado, J.D., Garmyn, M., Gilchrest, B.A., Russell, R.M.: Skin lycopene is destroyed preferentially over beta-carotene during ultraviolet irradiation in humans. J. Nutr. 125, 1854–1859 (1995)
Stahl, W., Heinrich, U., Wiseman, S., Eichler, O., Sies, H., Tronnier, H.: Dietary tomato paste protects against ultraviolet light-induced erythema in humans. J. Nutr. 131, 1449–1451 (2001)
Eichler, O., Sies, H., Stahl, W.: Divergent optimum levels of lycopene, beta-carotene and lutein protecting against UVB irradiation in human fibroblastst. Photochem. Photobiol. 75, 503–506 (2002)
Aust, O., Stahl, W., Sies, H., Tronnier, H., Heinrich, U.: Supplementation with tomato-based products increases lycopene, phytofluene, and phytoene levels in human serum and protects against UV-light-induced erythema. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 75, 54–60 (2005)
Fazekas, Z., Gao, D., Saladi, R.N., Lu, Y., Lebwohl, M., Wei, H.: Protective effects of lycopene against ultraviolet B-induced photodamage. Nutr. Cancer 47, 181–187 (2003)
Astner, S., Wu, A., Chen, J., Philips, N., Rius-Diaz, F., Parrado, C., Mihm, M.C., Goukassian, D.A., Pathak, M.A., González, S.: Dietary lutein/zeaxanthin partially reduces photoaging and photocarcinogenesis in chronically UVB-irradiated Skh-1 hairless mice. Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. 20, 283–291 (2007)
Palombo, P., Fabrizi, G., Ruocco, V., Ruocco, E., Fluhr, J., Roberts, R., Morganti, P.: Beneficial long-term effects of combined oral/topical antioxidant treatment with the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin on human skin: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. 20, 199–210 (2007)
González, S., Astner, S., An, W., Goukassian, D., Pathak, M.A.: Dietary lutein/zeaxanthin decreases ultraviolet B-induced epidermal hyperproliferation and acute inflammation in hairless mice. Invest. Dermatol. 121, 399–405 (2003)
Philips, N., Keller, T., Hendrix, C., Hamilton, S., Arena, R., Tuason, M., Gonzalez, S.: Regulation of the extracellular matrix remodeling by lutein in dermal fibroblasts, melanoma cells, and ultraviolet radiation exposed fibroblasts. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 299, 373–379 (2007)
Lee, E.H., Faulhaber, D., Hanson, K.M., Ding, W., Peters, S., Kodali, S., Granstein, R.D.: Dietary lutein reduces ultraviolet radiation-induced inflammation and immunosuppression. J. Invest. Dermatol. 122, 510–517 (2004)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Afaq, F., Mukhtar, H. (2010). Botanical Antioxidants for Skin Protection: An Overview. In: Krutmann, J., Humbert, P. (eds) Nutrition for Healthy Skin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12264-4_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12264-4_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-12263-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-12264-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)