Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Nutrition for Healthy Skin pp 35–48Cite as

Skin Barrier Function

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

In this chapter, we will describe first an overview of current concepts of epidermal barrier function emphasizing very recent work on the influence of pigmentation on barrier function. Then, we will assess how these mechanisms go awry in the disease, atopic dermatitis, as the prototype for a barrier-driven, inflammatory dermatosis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Dr. Elias is a co-inventor of this University of California patented technology. He is a consultant to Promius Pharmaceuticals and to PediaPharm Inc., which markets this technology in the United States and in Canada, respectively.

Abbreviations

AD:

Atopic Dermatitis

AMP:

Antimicrobial Peptides

Cer:

Ceramides

FLG:

Filaggrin

FFA:

Free Fatty Acids

GC:

Glucocorticoids

hBD:

Human Β-Defensins

hCAP:

Human Cathelicidin

IL:

Interleukin

IV:

Ichthyosis Vulgaris

LB:

Lamellar Bodies

LEKTI:

Lymphoepithelial Kazal-Type Trypsin Inhibitor

NS:

Netherton Syndrome

PAR2:

Plasminogen Activator Type 2 Receptor

SP:

Serine Protease

SC:

Stratum Corneum

t-UCA:

Trans-urocanic Acid

References

  1. Aberg, K., Radek, K., Choi, E., et al.: Psychological stress downregulates epidermal antimicrobial peptide expression and increases severity of cutaneous infections in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 117, 3339–3349 (2007)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Aberg, K.M., Man, M.Q., Gallo, R.L., et al.: Co-regulation and interdependence of the mammalian epidermal permeability and antimicrobial barriers. J. Invest. Dermatol. 128, 917–925 (2008)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Altemus, M., Rao, B., Dhabhar, F.S., Ding, W., Granstein, R.D.: Stress-induced changes in skin barrier function in healthy women. J. Invest. Dermatol. 117, 309–317 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Aly, R., Maibach, H.I., Shinefield, H.R.: Microbial flora of atopic dermatitis. Arch. Dermatol. 113, 780–782 (1977)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Baker, B.S.: The role of microorganisms in atopic dermatitis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 144, 1–9 (2006)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Behne, M.J., Meyer, J.W., Hanson, K.M., et al.: NHE1 regulates the stratum corneum permeability barrier homeostasis. Microenvironment acidification assessed with fluorescence lifetime imaging. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 47399–47406 (2002)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Behne, M.J., Barry, N.P., Hanson, K.M., et al.: Neonatal development of the stratum corneum pH gradient: localization and mechanisms leading to emergence of optimal barrier function. J. Invest. Dermatol. 120, 998–1006 (2003)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bibel, D.J., Aly, R., Shinefield, H.R.: Antimicrobial activity of sphingosines. J. Invest. Dermatol. 98, 269–273 (1992)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Braff, M.H., Gallo, R.L.: Antimicrobial peptides: an essential component of the skin defensive barrier. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 306, 91–110 (2006)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Brattsand, M., Stefansson, K., Lundh, C., Haasum, Y., Egelrud, T.: A proteolytic cascade of kallikreins in the stratum corneum. J. Invest. Dermatol. 124, 198–203 (2005)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Chamlin, S.L., Kao, J., Frieden, I.J., et al.: Ceramide-dominant barrier repair lipids alleviate childhood atopic dermatitis: changes in barrier function provide a sensitive indicator of disease activity. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 47, 198–208 (2002)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Choi, E.H., Man, M.Q., Xu, P., et al.: Stratum corneum acidification is impaired in moderately aged human and murine skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 127, 2847–2856 (2007)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Clarke, S.R., Mohamed, R., Bian, L., et al.: The Staphylo­coccus aureus surface protein IsdA mediates resistance to innate defenses of human skin. Cell. Host. Microbe. 1, 199–212 (2007)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Cork, M.J., Britton, J., Butler, L., et al.: Comparison of parent knowledge, therapy utilization and severity of atopic eczema before and after explanation and demonstration of topical therapies by a specialist dermatology nurse. Br. J. Dermatol. 149, 582–589 (2003)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Cork, M.J., Robinson, D.A., Vasilopoulos, Y., et al.: New perspectives on epidermal barrier dysfunction in atopic dermatitis: gene-environment interactions. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 118, 3–21 (2006). quiz 22-3

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Demerjian, M., Hachem, J.P., Tschachler, E., et al.: Acute modulations in permeability barrier function regulate epidermal cornification: role of caspase-14 and the protease-activated receptor type 2. Am. J. Pathol. 172, 86–97 (2008)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Denda, M., Sato, J., Masuda, Y., et al.: Exposure to a dry environment enhances epidermal permeability barrier function. J. Invest. Dermatol. 111, 858–863 (1998)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Denda, M., Sato, J., Tsuchiya, T., Elias, P.M., Feingold, K.R.: Low humidity stimulates epidermal DNA synthesis and amplifies the hyperproliferative response to barrier disruption: implication for seasonal exacerbations of inflammatory dermatoses. J. Invest. Dermatol. 111, 873–878 (1998)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Denda, M., Nakatani, M., Ikeyama, K., Tsutsumi, M., Denda, S.: Epidermal keratinocytes as the forefront of the sensory system. Exp. Dermatol. 16, 157–161 (2007)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Di Nardo, A., Wertz, P., Giannetti, A., Seidenari, S.: Ceramide and cholesterol composition of the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm. Venereol. 78, 27–30 (1998)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Eberlein-Konig, B., Schafer, T., Huss-Marp, J., et al.: Skin surface pH, stratum corneum hydration, trans-epidermal water loss and skin roughness related to atopic eczema and skin dryness in a population of primary school children. Acta Derm. Venereol. 80, 188–191 (2000)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Elias, P.: Epidermal lipids, barrier function, and desquamation. J. Invest. Dermatol. 80(Suppl), 44–49 (1983)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Elias, P.M., Menon, G.K.: Structural and lipid biochemical correlates of the epidermal permeability barrier. Adv. Lipid Res. 24, 1–26 (1991)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Elias, P.M., Cullander, C., Mauro, T., et al.: The secretory granular cell: the outermost granular cell as a specialized secretory cell. J. Invest. Dermatol. Symp. Proc. 3, 87–100 (1998)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Elias, P.M.: The epidermal permeability barrier: from the early days at harvard to emerging concepts. J. Invest. Dermatol. 122, XXXVI–XXXIX (2004)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Elias, P.M.: Stratum corneum defensive functions: an integrated view. J. Invest. Dermatol. 125, 183–200 (2005)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Elias, P.M., Choi, E.H.: Interactions among stratum corneum defensive functions. Exp. Dermatol. 14, 719–726 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Elias, P.M.: The skin barrier as an innate immune element. Sem. Immunopath. 29, 3–14 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Elias, P.M., Hatano, Y., Williams, M.L.: Basis for the barrier abnormality in atopic dermatitis: outside-inside-outside pathogenic mechanisms. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 121, 1337–1343 (2008)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Elias, P.M., Steinhoff, M.: “Outside-to-inside” (and now back to “outside”) pathogenic mechanisms in atopic dermatitis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 128, 1067–1070 (2008)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Feingold, K.R.: The role of epidermal lipids in cutaneous permeability barrier homeostasis. J. Lipid Res. 4812(12), 2531–2546 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Fluhr, J.W., Elias, P.M.: Stratum corneum pH: Formation and function of the “acid mantle”. Exog. Dermatol. 1, 163–175 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Fluhr, J.W., Behne, M.J., Brown, B.E., et al.: Stratum corneum acidification in neonatal skin: secretory phospholipase A2 and the sodium/hydrogen antiporter-1 acidify neonatal rat stratum corneum. J. Invest. Dermatol. 122, 320–329 (2004)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Fluhr, J.W., Mao-Qiang, M., Brown, B.E., et al.: Functional consequences of a neutral pH in neonatal rat stratum corneum. J. Invest. Dermatol. 123, 140–151 (2004)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Garg, A., Chren, M.M., Sands, L.P., et al.: Psychological stress perturbs epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis: implications for the pathogenesis of stress-associated skin disorders. Arch. Dermatol. 137, 53–59 (2001)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Gould, H.J., Takhar, P., Harries, H.E., Chevretton, E., Sutton, B.J.: The allergic march from Staphylococcus aureus superantigens to immunoglobulin E. Chem. Immunol. Allergy 93, 106–136 (2007)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Gunathilake, R.: pH-regulated mechanisms account for pigment type differences in epidermal barrier function. J. Invest. Dermatol. 129, 1719–1729 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  38. Hachem, J.P., Crumrine, D., Fluhr, J., et al.: pH directly regulates epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis, and stratum corneum integrity/cohesion. J. Invest. Dermatol. 121, 345–353 (2003)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Hachem, J.P., Behne, M., Aronchik, I., et al.: Extracellular pH Controls NHE1 expression in epidermis and keratinocytes: implications for barrier repair. J. Invest. Dermatol. 125, 790–797 (2005)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Hachem, J.P., Man, M.Q., Crumrine, D., et al.: Sustained serine proteases activity by prolonged increase in pH leads to degradation of lipid processing enzymes and profound alterations of barrier function and stratum corneum integrity. J. Invest. Dermatol. 125, 510–520 (2005)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Hachem, J.P., Houben, E., Crumrine, D., et al.: Serine protease signaling of epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 126, 2074–2086 (2006)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Hachem, J.P., Wagberg, F., Schmuth, M., et al.: Serine protease activity and residual LEKTI expression determine phenotype in Netherton syndrome. J. Invest. Dermatol. 126, 1609–1621 (2006)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Haratake, A., Uchida, Y., Schmuth, M., et al.: UVB-induced alterations in permeability barrier function: roles for epidermal hyperproliferation and thymocyte-mediated response. J. Invest. Dermatol. 108, 769–775 (1997)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Hatano, Y., Terashi, H., Arakawa, S., Katagiri, K.: Interleukin-4 suppresses the enhancement of ceramide synthesis and cutaneous permeability barrier functions induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma in human epidermis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 124, 786–792 (2005)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Hatano, Y., Uchida, Y., Man, M., et al.: Maintenance of an acidic stratum corneum prevents emergence of murine atopic dermatitis. JID 129, 1824–1835 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  46. Holleran, W.M., Uchida, Y., Halkier-Sorensen, L., et al.: Structural and biochemical basis for the UVB-induced alterations in epidermal barrier function. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 13, 117–128 (1997)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Holleran, W.M., Takagi, Y., Uchida, Y.: Epidermal sphingolipids: metabolism, function, and roles in skin disorders. FEBS Lett. 580, 5456–5466 (2006)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Hong, S.P., Kim, M.J., Jung, M.Y., et al.: Biopositive effects of low-dose uvb on epidermis: coordinate upregulation of antimicrobial peptides and permeability barrier reinforcement. J. Invest. Dermatol. Online publication

    Google Scholar 

  49. Howell, M.D., Kim, B.E., Gao, P., et al.: Cytokine modulation of atopic dermatitis filaggrin skin expression. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 120, 150–155 (2007)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Hudson, T.J.: Skin barrier function and allergic risk. Nat. Genet. 38, 399–400 (2006)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Imokawa, G., Abe, A., Jin, K., et al.: Decreased level of ceramides in stratum corneum of atopic dermatitis: an etiologic factor in atopic dry skin? J. Invest. Dermatol. 96, 523–526 (1991)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Kim, T.H., Moodycliffe, A.M., Yarosh, D.B., et al.: Viability of the antigen determines whether DNA or urocanic acid act as initiator molecules for UV-induced suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity. Photochem. Photobiol. 78, 228–234 (2003)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Kobayashi, J., Inai, T., Morita, K., et al.: Reciprocal regulation of permeability through a cultured keratinocyte sheet by IFN-gamma and IL-4. Cytokine 28, 186–189 (2004)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Komatsu, N., Takata, M., Otsuki, N., et al.: Elevated stratum corneum hydrolytic activity in Netherton syndrome suggests an inhibitory regulation of desquamation by SPINK5-derived peptides. J. Invest. Dermatol. 118, 436–443 (2002)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Komatsuzawa, H., Ouhara, K., Yamada, S., et al.: Innate defences against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. J. Pathol. 208, 249–260 (2006)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Korting, H.C., Kober, M., Mueller, M., Braun-Falco, O.: Influence of repeated washings with soap and synthetic detergents on pH and resident flora of the skin of forehead and forearm. Results of a cross-over trial in health probationers. Acta Derm. Venereol. 67, 41–47 (1987)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Korting, H.C., Hubner, K., Greiner, K., Hamm, G., Braun-Falco, O.: Differences in the skin surface pH and bacterial microflora due to the long-term application of synthetic detergent preparations of pH 5.5 and pH 7.0. Results of a crossover trial in healthy volunteers. Acta Derm. Venereol. 70, 429–431 (1990)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Krien, P., Kermici, M.: Evidence for the existence of a self-regulated enzymatic process within human stratum corneum-an unexpected role for urocanic acid. J. Invest. Dermatol. 115, 414–420 (2000)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Kurahashi, R., Hatano, Y., Katagiri, C.: IL-4 suppresses the recovery of cutaneous permeability barrier functions in vivo. J. Invest. Dermatol. 128, 1329–1331 (2008)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Lomholt, H., Andersen, K.E., Kilian, M.: Staphylococcus aureus clonal dynamics and virulence factors in children with atopic dermatitis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 125, 977–982 (2005)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Mao-Qiang, M., Feingold, K.R., Jain, M., Elias, P.M.: Extracellular processing of phospholipids is required for permeability barrier homeostasis. J. Lipid Res. 36, 1925–1935 (1995)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Mao-Qiang, M., Jain, M., Feingold, K.R., Elias, P.M.: Secretory phospholipase A2 activity is required for permeability barrier homeostasis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 106, 57–63 (1996)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Mauro, T., Bench, G., Sidderas-Haddad, E., et al.: Acute barrier perturbation abolishes the Ca2+ and K+ gradients in murine epidermis: quantitative measurement using PIXE. J. Invest. Dermatol. 111, 1198–1201 (1998)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Menon, G.K., Elias, P.M., Lee, S.H., Feingold, K.R.: Localization of calcium in murine epidermis following disruption and repair of the permeability barrier. Cell Tissue Res. 270, 503–512 (1992)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Menon, G.K., Ghadially, R., Williams, M.L., Elias, P.M.: Lamellar bodies as delivery systems of hydrolytic enzymes: implications for normal and abnormal desquamation. Br. J. Dermatol. 126, 337–345 (1992)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Miller, S.J., Aly, R., Shinefeld, H.R., Elias, P.M.: In vitro and in vivo antistaphylococcal activity of human stratum corneum lipids. Arch. Dermatol. 124, 209–215 (1988)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Nomura, I., Goleva, E., Howell, M.D., et al.: Cytokine milieu of atopic dermatitis, as compared to psoriasis, skin prevents induction of innate immune response genes. J. Immunol. 171, 3262–3269 (2003)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Nylander-Lundqvist, E., Back, O., Egelrud, T.: IL-1 beta activation in human epidermis. J. Immunol. 157, 1699–1704 (1996)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Ong, P.Y., Ohtake, T., Brandt, C., et al.: Endogenous antimicrobial peptides and skin infections in atopic dermatitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 347, 1151–1160 (2002)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Oren, A., Ganz, T., Liu, L., Meerloo, T.: In human epidermis, beta-defensin 2 is packaged in lamellar bodies. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 74, 180–182 (2003)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Palmer, C.N., Irvine, A.D., Terron-Kwiatkowski, A., et al.: Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis. Nat. Genet. 38, 441–446 (2006)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Potts, R.O., Francoeur, M.L.: Lipid biophysics of water loss through the skin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 3871–3873 (1990)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Reed, J.T., Ghadially, R., Elias, P.M.: Skin type, but neither race nor gender, influence epidermal permeability barrier function. Arch. Dermatol. 131, 1134–1138 (1995)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Roop, D.: Defects in the barrier. Science 267, 474–475 (1995)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Sandilands, A., Smith, F.J., Irvine, A.D., McLean, W.H.: Filaggrin’s fuller figure: a glimpse into the genetic architecture of atopic dermatitis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 127, 1282–1284 (2007)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Scott, I.R., Harding, C.R.: Filaggrin breakdown to water binding compounds during development of the rat stratum corneum is controlled by the water activity of the environment. Dev. Biol. 115, 84–92 (1986)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Seidenari, S., Giusti, G.: Objective assessment of the skin of children affected by atopic dermatitis: a study of pH, capacitance and TEWL in eczematous and clinically uninvolved skin. Acta Derm. Venereol. 75, 429–433 (1995)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Sonkoly, E., Muller, A., Lauerma, A.I., et al.: IL-31: a new link between T cells and pruritus in atopic skin inflammation. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 117, 411–417 (2006)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Steinert, P.M., Marekov, L.N.: The proteins elafin, filaggrin, keratin intermediate filaments, loricrin, and small proline-rich proteins 1 and 2 are isodipeptide cross-linked components of the human epidermal cornified cell envelope. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 17702–17711 (1995)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Sugarman, J., Parish, L.: Efficacy of a lipid-based, barrier repair formulation in moderate-to-severe pediatric atopic dermatitis. J Drugs Dermatol. 8, 1106–1111 (2009)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Sugarman, J.L., Fluhr, J.W., Fowler, A.J., et al.: The objective severity assessment of atopic dermatitis score: an objective measure using permeability barrier function and stratum corneum hydration with computer-assisted estimates for extent of disease. Arch. Dermatol. 139, 1417–1422 (2003)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Walley, A.J., Chavanas, S., Moffatt, M.F., et al.: Gene polymorphism in Netherton and common atopic disease. Nat. Genet. 29, 175–178 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Warskulat, U., Reinen, A., Grether-Beck, S., Krutmann, J., Haussinger, D.: The osmolyte strategy of normal human keratinocytes in maintaining cell homeostasis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 123, 516–521 (2004)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Weidinger, S., Illig, T., Baurecht, H., et al.: Loss-of-function variations within the filaggrin gene predispose for atopic dermatitis with allergic sensitizations. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 118, 214–219 (2006)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Weidinger, S., Rodriguez, E., Stahl, C., et al.: Filaggrin mutations strongly predispose to early-onset and extrinsic atopic dermatitis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 127, 724–726 (2007)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Zaiou, M., Nizet, V., Gallo, R.L.: Antimicrobial and protease inhibitory functions of the human cathelicidin (hCAP18/LL-37) prosequence. J. Invest. Dermatol. 120, 810–816 (2003)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by NIH grant AR19098 and DOD grant W81XWH-05-2-0094, and by the Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Peter M. Elias & Joan S. Wakefield

  2. Dermatology Service (190), VA Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA

    Peter M. Elias

Authors
  1. Peter M. Elias
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Joan S. Wakefield
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Peter M. Elias .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Inst. Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF), Universität Düsseldorf, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany

    Jean Krutmann

  2. Service Dermatologie et, Medecine Vasculaire, CHU Besancon, place Saint-Jacques 2, Besancon, 25030, France

    Philippe Humbert

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Elias, P.M., Wakefield, J.S. (2010). Skin Barrier Function. In: Krutmann, J., Humbert, P. (eds) Nutrition for Healthy Skin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12264-4_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12264-4_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-12263-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-12264-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation