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Type 1 Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins from the Ombú Tree (Phytolacca dioica L.)

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Toxic Plant Proteins

Part of the book series: Plant Cell Monographs ((CELLMONO,volume 18))

Abstract

The toxicity of plant proteins, later identified as ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), was described more than a century ago and their enzymatic activity was established more than 30 years ago. However, their physiological role and related biological activities are still uncertain. Therefore, despite the body of literature, research on RIPs is ongoing. This review deals with new RIPs being purified, sequenced, characterized, and cloned, and an increasing number of 3D-structures that are determined at high resolution. This is the case of the five type 1 RIPs (PD-S1-3, PD-L1/2, PD-L3/4, dioicin 1, and dioicin 2) from seeds and leaves of the ombú tree (Phytolacca dioica L.), native of the grassy pampas of Argentina. The data collected so far will contribute to our understanding of important issues of RIP research: (1) identifying structural determinants responsible for new enzymatic activities such as the DNA cleaving activity; (2) glycosylation and its influence on the catalytic and biological activities; (3) cellular localization of endogenous RIPs and their physiological role(s).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The genus Phytolacca is suspected to contain a toxic saponin, which causes enteritis with vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea. The illness may be fatal (cfr. Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 3rd edn. © 2007 Elsevier, Inc.). No information is reported of a likely involvement in the symptoms of ribosome-inactivating proteins. Poisoning of cattle and chickens from Phytolacca dioica L. (packalacca) or Phytolacca dodecandra l'Herit were reported (Storie et al. 1992; Mugera 1970).

  2. 2.

    Synonym: P. decandra L.

  3. 3.

    Synonyms: Phytolacca acinosa Maxim. and Phytolacca kaempferi (A. Gray).

  4. 4.

    The ombú tree was introduced in Italy from South America. The plant (also called umbú tree) grows to a height and spread of 60 ft (20 m) or more, often with multiple trunks developing from an enormous base resembling a giant pedestal. The huge base may be 3–6 ft tall (1–2 m) and 95 ft (30 m) in circumference. Ombú tree is native of the grassy pampas of Argentina, usually widely spaced and the only trees for miles. It is dioecious, and the female tree produces large quantities of white, fleshy fruits. It is a salt-resistant species, often planted near the sea.

  5. 5.

    Synonyms and common names. Synonyms (from www.hear.org/pier/species/phytolacca_dioica.htm): Phytolacca arborea Moq., Phytolacca populifolia Salisb., Pircunia dioica Moq., Sarcoca dioica Rafin. Common names (English language): belhambra, packalacca (also trade name) and phytolacca; (Spanish language) bella sombra tree, belombra, ombú and umbú (the last two also trade names).

  6. 6.

    Synonym: Phytolacca abissynica Hoffm.

  7. 7.

    Synonym: Phytolacca octandra L.

  8. 8.

    The protein sequence data of P. dioica RIPs have been deposited in the UniProtKB with accession numbers P34967 for PD-S2, P84853 for PD-L1/2, P84854 for PD-L3/4 and P85208 for dioicin 2.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Life Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy

    Augusto Parente, Angela Chambery & Antimo Di Maro

  2. Department of General Chemistry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy

    Rita Berisio

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  1. Augusto Parente
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Correspondence to Augusto Parente .

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  1. Dept. Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL, United Kingdom

    J. Michael Lord

  2. Dept. Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL, United Kingdom

    Martin R. Hartley

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Parente, A., Berisio, R., Chambery, A., Di Maro, A. (2010). Type 1 Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins from the Ombú Tree (Phytolacca dioica L.). In: Lord, J., Hartley, M. (eds) Toxic Plant Proteins. Plant Cell Monographs, vol 18. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12176-0_5

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