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Chapter 1 In the Name of Democracy: The External Representation of the Regions in the Council

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The Role of the Regions in EU Governance

Abstract

The purpose of this chapter is to see whether the regions are involved, or even participate, in the decision making of the Council, which is, together with the European Parliament, the actual maker of EU law.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Art. 116 Italian Constitution.

  2. 2.

    Seron (1998), p. 652.

  3. 3.

    Previous Art. 203 EC Treaty which has been repealed by Art. 2, 190 Treaty of Lisbon.

  4. 4.

    White Paper on European Governance of 25 July 2001, COM (2001) 428 final, p. 4.

  5. 5.

    See Storini (1997), p. 226.

  6. 6.

    Falker (1999), p. 9.

  7. 7.

    Art. 146 EEC Treaty; see also Art. 2 Merger Treaty.

  8. 8.

    See van den Berg (1961), p. 3 et seq. and Falker (1999), pp. 131–132.

  9. 9.

    Art. 14 Statute of Europe states: “Each member shall be entitled to one representative on the Committee of Ministers, and each representative shall be entitled to one vote. Representatives on the Committee shall be the Ministers for Foreign Affairs. When a Minister for Foreign Affairs is unable to be present or in other circumstances where it may be desirable, an alternate may be nominated to act for him, who shall, whenever possible, be a member of his government”.

  10. 10.

    Jacqué (2000), p. 131 and Houben (1964), pp. 125–127.

  11. 11.

    Written Question n. 129/90 by Mr Marc Galle to the Council, O.J. C125/53 of 21 May 1990.

  12. 12.

    Art. 4 Provisional Council Rules of Procedure of 25 January 1958 and Council Rules of Procedure adopted by the Council on 24 July 1979 on the basis of Article 5 of the Treaty of 8 April 1965 establishing a single Council and a single Commission of the European Communities, O.J. L268/1 of 25 October 1979. Current Art. 4 Council Rules of Procedure adopted by Council Decision of 15 September 2006 adopting the Council’s Rules of Procedure, O.J. L285/47 of 16 October 2006.

  13. 13.

    Written Question n. 129/90 by Mr Marc Galle to the Council, O.J. C125/53 of 21 May 1990.

  14. 14.

    Art. 5 Provisional Council Rules of Procedure of 25 January 1958 and Council Rules of Procedure adopted by the Council on 24 July 1979 on the basis of Art. 5 of the Treaty of 8 April 1965 establishing a single Council and a single Commission of the European Communities, O.J. L268/1 of 25 October 1979. Today, this article still stands, see Art. 11 Council Rules of Procedure adopted by Council Decision of 15 September 2006 adopting the Council’s Rules of Procedure, O.J. L285/47 of 16 October 2006.

  15. 15.

    Art. 2 SEA provided that the European Council is no longer merely composed of the Heads of State or Government, but also of the Commission President. Due to the fact that the Commission President is not a member of the Council (of Ministers), the European Council and the Council are, from then on, two separate entities.

  16. 16.

    See Bramsen (1982), p. 631

  17. 17.

    Communiqué of the Paris Summit meeting of 9–10 December 1974, Bull. EC 1974/12, par. 1104.

  18. 18.

    Art. 146 EEC Treaty was amended by Art. G.43 Treaty of Maastricht.

  19. 19.

    Art. 203 EC Treaty; repealed by Art. 2, 190 Treaty of Lisbon, and replaced, in substance, by Art. 16, par. 2 EU Treaty.

  20. 20.

    Art. 16, par. 2 EU Treaty as inserted by Art. 1, 17 Treaty of Lisbon.

  21. 21.

    Westlake and Galloway (2004), p. 29.

  22. 22.

    Ingelaere (1994), p. 69.

  23. 23.

    Hayes-Renshaw and Wallace (1996), p. 28.

  24. 24.

    Storini (1997), p. 235.

  25. 25.

    See Cerexhe (1995), p. 666.

  26. 26.

    Vasco (1998), p. 68.

  27. 27.

    Jacqué (2000), p. 131.

  28. 28.

    de Areilza (2010) and Etherington (2010), p. 108.

  29. 29.

    McLeod (2010), p. 6.

  30. 30.

    Biancarelli (1991), p. 526.

  31. 31.

    Art. 5 EC Treaty; current Art. 5, par. 3 EU Treaty as inserted by Art. 1, 6 Treaty of Lisbon and Van Ginderachter (1992), pp. 779–780, and Philippart (1998), p. 637.

  32. 32.

    Previous Art. 249 EC Treaty.

  33. 33.

    Court of Justice, case n. 31/64 of 11 March 1995, “De Sociale Voorzorg” Mutual Insurance Fund v. W.H. Bertholet, European Court Reports, 1965, p. 86.

  34. 34.

    Court of Justice, case n. 41/74 of 4 December 1974, Yvonne van Duyn v. Home Office, European Court Reports, 1974, p. 1337, par. 12.

  35. 35.

    Court of Justice, case n. 8/81 of 19 January 1982, Ursula Becker v. Finanzamt Münster-Innenstadt, European Court Reports, 1982, p. 53, par. 25.

  36. 36.

    Court of Justice, case n. 106/77 of 9 March 1978, Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v. Simmenthal SpA, European Court Reports, 1978, p. 629, par. 24.

  37. 37.

    Court of Justice, case n. C-106/89 of 13 November 1990, Marleasing SA v. La Comercial Internacional de Alimentación SA, European Court Reports, 1990, I, p. 4135, par. 13.

  38. 38.

    For example, Art. 16, par. 3 Special Act of 8 August 1980, Belgian Moniteur, 15 August 1980.

  39. 39.

    Council Directive of 3 October 1989 on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by Law, Regulation or Administrative Action in Member States concerning the pursuit of television broadcasting activities, O.J. L298/23 of 17 October 1989.

  40. 40.

    Art. 51 German Constitution.

  41. 41.

    German Federal Constitutional Court, 22 March 1995, 2 BvG 1/89, p. 57.

  42. 42.

    Art. 3b EC Treaty (inserted by Art. G.5 Treaty of Maastricht): “In areas which do not fall within its exclusive competence, the Community shall take action, in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity, only if and in so far as the objectives of the proposed action cannot be sufficiently achieved by the Member States and can therefore, by reason of the scale or effects of the proposed action, be better achieved by the Community”; current Art. 5, par. 3 EU Treaty as inserted by Art. 1, 6 Treaty of Lisbon.

  43. 43.

    Gutiérrez Espada (1998), pp. 12–13.

  44. 44.

    Declaration by Germany, Austria and Belgium on subsidiarity, O.J. C340/143 of 10 November 1997.

  45. 45.

    Seron (1998), p. 654.

  46. 46.

    Art. 4, par. 2 EU Treaty as inserted by Art. 1, 5 Treaty of Lisbon.

  47. 47.

    Protocol (No 2) on the application of the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality, O.J. C115/206 of 9 May 2008.

  48. 48.

    Art. 263 et seq. EC Treaty (current Art. 305 et seq. TFEU). The Committee of the Regions was established by Art. G.67 Treaty of Maastricht.

  49. 49.

    Van Ginderachter (1992), p. 778.

  50. 50.

    Olivar de Julián (2002), p. 16.

  51. 51.

    Resolution on the participation and representation of the regions in the process of European integration: the Committee of the Regions, O.J. C329/279 of 6 December 1993, par. 11.

  52. 52.

    Cantera Martínez (2002), pp. 451–452.

  53. 53.

    Art. 8, s 1 Vereinbarung zwischen dem Bund und den Ländern gemaß Art. 15a B-VG über die Mitwirkungsrechte der Länder und Gemeinden in Angelegenheiten der europäischen Integration, BGBl 1992/775.

  54. 54.

    Art. 23d, s 1-3 Austrian Constitution.

  55. 55.

    Art. 81, par. 6 Special Act of 8 August 1980, Belgian Moniteur, 15 August 1980.

  56. 56.

    Annex I to the Cooperation Agreement between the federal authority, the Communities and the Regions concerning the representation of the Kingdom of Belgium in the Council of Ministers of the European Union of 8 March 1994, Belgian Moniteur, 17 November 1994.

  57. 57.

    Annex II to the Cooperation Agreement between the federal authority, the Communities and the Regions concerning the representation of the Kingdom of Belgium in the Council of Ministers of the European Union of 8 March 1994, Belgian Moniteur, 17 November 1994.

  58. 58.

    Annex I to the Cooperation Agreement between the federal authority, the Communities and the Regions concerning the representation of the Kingdom of Belgium in the Council of Ministers of the European Union of 8 March 1994, Belgian Moniteur, 17 November 1994.

  59. 59.

    Annex I to the Cooperation Agreement between the federal authority, the Communities and the Regions concerning the representation of the Kingdom of Belgium in the Council of Ministers of the European Union of 8 March 1994, Belgian Moniteur, 17 November 1994.

  60. 60.

    Annex III to the Cooperation Agreement between the federal authority, the Communities and the Regions concerning the representation of the Kingdom of Belgium in the Council of Ministers of the European Union of 8 March 1994, Belgian Moniteur, 17 November 1994.

  61. 61.

    Art. 23.6.1 German Constitution.

  62. 62.

    Art. 23.6.2 German Constitution.

  63. 63.

    Cantera Martínez (2002), p. 456, footnote 14.

  64. 64.

    Woelk (2005), p. 168.

  65. 65.

    Art. 117 Italian Constitution.

  66. 66.

    Art. 5, par. 1 Act n. 131 of 5 June 2003, G.U n. 132 of 10 June 2003; see also the Accordo generale di cooperazione tra il Governo, le regioni e le province autonome di Trente e Bolzano per la partecipazione delle regioni e delle province autonome alla formazione degli atto comunitari of 16 March 2006, G.U. n. 75 of 30 March 2006.

  67. 67.

    Art. 1-3 Acuerdo sobre la Consejería para Asuntos Autonómicos en la Representación Permanente de España ante la Unión Europea y sobre la participación de las Comunidades Autónomas en los grupos de trabajo del Consejo de la Unión Europea of 9 December 2004, BOE of 16 March 2005.

  68. 68.

    Ministerio de Administraciones Públicas (2010), p. 4.

  69. 69.

    Art. 5.3 Acuerdo sobre el sistema de representación autonómica en las formaciones del Consejo de la Unión Europea of 9 December 2004, BOE of 16 March 2005.

  70. 70.

    Ministerio de Administraciones Públicas (2010), pp. 15–16.

  71. 71.

    CM 5420, Memorandum of Understanding and Supplementary Agreements between the United Kingdom Government, Scottish Ministers, the Cabinet of the National Assembly for Wales and the Northern Ireland Executive Committee London: TSO, 2001, par. B4.12–14.

  72. 72.

    Cantera Martínez (2002), p. 464.

  73. 73.

    CM 5420, Memorandum of Understanding and Supplementary Agreements between the United Kingdom Government, Scottish Ministers, the Cabinet of the National Assembly for Wales and the Northern Ireland Executive Committee London: TSO, 2001, par. B1.2 (and B.2.2 for Wales and B.3.2 for Northern Ireland).

  74. 74.

    Rawlings (2000), p. 258.

  75. 75.

    But according to par. 6.3 Gesetz über die Zusammenarbeit von Bund und Ländern in Angelegenheiten der EU of 12 March 1993, BGBl., 1993, I, p. 313 the German Länder cannot hold the Council Presidency, although they still have to be consulted by the federal government.

  76. 76.

    The Foreign Affairs Council is chaired by the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Art. 18, par. 3 EU Treaty as inserted by Art. 1, 19 Treaty of Lisbon.

  77. 77.

    Art. 16, par. 9 EU Treaty as inserted by Art. 1, 17 Treaty of Lisbon.

  78. 78.

    Press Release 12996/01 of the 2380th Council meeting (Research) of 30 October 2001 and Press Release 14888/01 of the 2398th Council meeting (Research) of 10 December 2001.

  79. 79.

    Cañas (2001).

  80. 80.

    Ingelaere (1994), p. 68.

  81. 81.

    Philippart (1998) p. 640.

  82. 82.

    Press Release 7508/1/08 of the 2860th Council meeting (Agriculture and Fisheries) of 17 March 2008.

  83. 83.

    Ingelaere (1994), p. 68.

  84. 84.

    Evans (2003), p. 24.

  85. 85.

    Art. 23d, s 3 Austrian Constitution.

  86. 86.

    Written Question n. 1390/90 by Mr Reinhold Bocklet to the Commission, O.J. C164/5 of 24 June 1991; see also Court of Justice, case n. C-302/1997 of 1 June 1999, Klaus Konle v. Austria, European Court Reports, 1999, I, p. 3099, par. 61–64.

  87. 87.

    Ingelaere (1994), pp. 68–69.

  88. 88.

    Art. 240, par. 1 TFEU as replaced by Art. 2, 192 Treaty of Lisbon.

  89. 89.

    Art. 19, par. 1 Council Rules of Procedure adopted by Council Decision of 15 September 2006 adopting the Council’s Rules of Procedure, O.J. L285/47 of 16 October 2006.

  90. 90.

    McLeod (2010), p. 29.

  91. 91.

    Art. 3.3 Acuerdo sobre el sistema de representación autonómica en las formaciones del Consejo de la Unión Europea, BOE of 16 March 2005 and art. II.4 Acuerdo sobre la Consejería para Asuntos Autonómicos en la Representación Permanente de España ante la Unión Europea y sobre la participación de las Comunidades Autónomas en los grupos de trabajo del Consejo de la Unión Europea of 9 December 2004, BOE of 16 March 2005.

  92. 92.

    Par. 6.1 Gesetz über die Zusammenarbeit von Bund und Ländern in Angelegenheiten der Europäischen Union of 12 March 1993, BGBl., 1993, I, p. 313.

  93. 93.

    Art. 19, par. 3 Council Rules of Procedure adopted by Council Decision of 15 September 2006 adopting the Council’s Rules of Procedure, O.J. L285/47 of 16 October 2006.

  94. 94.

    Lenaerts and Van Nuffel (2005), p. 423.

  95. 95.

    Vasco (1998), p. 69.

  96. 96.

    Art. 3.3 Acuerdo sobre el sistema de representación autonómica en las formaciones del Consejo de la Unión Europea, BOE of 16 March 2005.

  97. 97.

    Art. II.1-3 Acuerdo sobre la Consejería para Asuntos Autonómicos en la Representación Permanente de España ante la Unión Europea y sobre la participación de las Comunidades Autónomas en los grupos de trabajo del Consejo de la Unión Europea of 9 December 2004, BOE of 16 March 2005.

  98. 98.

    Par. 6.1 Gesetz über die Zusammenarbeit von Bund und Ländern in Angelegenheiten der Europäischen Union of 12 March 1993, BGBl., 1993, I, p. 313.

  99. 99.

    Art. 5, par. 1 Act n. 131 of 5 June 2003, G.U n. 132 of 10 June 2003.

  100. 100.

    McLeod (2010), p. 13.

  101. 101.

    Olivar de Julián (2002), p. 18.

  102. 102.

    Bulmer et al. (2006), p. 81.

  103. 103.

    Constantinesco (1989), p. 25.

  104. 104.

    Kerremans and Beyers (1997), p. 53.

  105. 105.

    The EC Treaty also made reference to the Council, meeting in the composition of the Heads of State or Government. This Council configuration is abolished with the Treaty of Lisbon.

  106. 106.

    Annex 1 to the Cooperation Agreement between the federal authority, the Communities and the Regions concerning the representation of the Kingdom of Belgium in the Council of Ministers of the European Union of 8 March 1994, Belgian Moniteur, 17 November 1994.

  107. 107.

    Bulmer et al. (2006), p. 90.

  108. 108.

    CM 5420, Memorandum of Understanding and Supplementary Agreements between the United Kingdom Government, Scottish Ministers, the Cabinet of the National Assembly for Wales and the Northern Ireland Executive Committee. London: TSO, 2001, par. 1.

  109. 109.

    See Sloat (2010), pp. 10–17.

  110. 110.

    Woelk (2004), p. 86.

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  1. Department Metajuridica, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium

    Frederic Eggermont

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    Carlo Panara

  2. , Faculteit recht en criminologie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussel, 1050, Belgium

    Alexander De Becker

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Eggermont, F. (2010). Chapter 1 In the Name of Democracy: The External Representation of the Regions in the Council. In: Panara, C., De Becker, A. (eds) The Role of the Regions in EU Governance. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11903-3_1

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