Abstract
Almost entirely dependent on energy imports from outside, cities are the key driving force behind the demand for energy, which is an essential resource for industries, households and services. Up to now, the Chilean energy system has met Santiago’s needs satisfactorily. However, development trends in the current energy system pose significant risks to its future. Using selected energy indicators and a distance-to-target approach, a detailed sustainability analysis of the energy sector in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, and of Chile as a whole was conducted. Risks to the sustainable development of the energy sector were detected, such as increasing concentration in the energy sector, import dependency on fossil fuels and rising CO2 emissions due to energy consumption. Alternative options were assessed for a more sustainable development of the megacity Santiago within the frame of the national Chilean energy system, such as enhancement of energy efficiency and greater use of renewable energies.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Agostini, C., & Saavedra, E. (2009). The oil industry in Chile. http://fen.uahurtado.cl/wp/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/inv219.pdf. Accessed 21 Apr 2011.
Arancon, S. (2009). Grounding sustainable development in urban planning: A framework of sustainability indicators for the metropolitan region of Santiago, Chile. Master thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago de Chile.
Atkinson, A., Marlier, E., & Nolan, B. (2004). Indicators and targets for social inclusion in the European union. Journal Common Market Studies, 42(1), 47–75.
Berman, Y., & Phillips, D. (2000). Indicators of social quality and social exclusion at national and community level. Social Indicators Research, 50(3), 329–350.
Böhnke, P. (2001). Nothing left to lose? Poverty and social exclusion in comparison. Empirical evidence on Germany. Berlin: Veröffentlichungen der Abteilung Sozialstruktur und Sozialberichterstattung des Forschungsschwerpunktes Sozialer Wandel, Institutionen und Vermittlungsprozesse des Wissenschaftszentrums Berlin für Sozialforschung.
CDEC – SIC – Central interconnected electric system/Load economic dispatch center (2008b). SIC Map. https://www.cdec-sic.cl/contenido_en.php?categoria_id=4&contenido_id=000028. Accessed 14 June 2010.
CDEC-SIC – Central interconnected electric system/Load economic dispatch center (2008a). Operation Statistics 1999/2008. (Work document). http://www.cdec-sic.cl/datos/anuario2009/. Accessed 14 June 2010.
CEPAL – Economic commission for Latin America. (2007). Risk, habitat and megacities Latin American metropolitan panorama. Santiago de Chile: Draft.
Chamy, R., & Vivanco, E. (2007). Identificación y clasificación de los distintos tipos de biomasa disponibles en Chile para la generación de Biogás. Santiago de Chile: Comisión Nacional de Energía (CNE), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Ecofys GmbH.
Chile Sustentable (1997). Programma Chile Sustentable. http://www.chilesustentable.net/. Accessed 10 Aug 2008.
Chilectra (2000). Yearbook of Chilectra, 2000. http://www.chilectra.cl/wps/wcm/connect/ngchl/ChilectraCl/La+Compania/Gobiernos+Corporativos/Memoria/. Accessed 15 June 2010.
Chilectra (2001). Yearbook of Chilectra, 2001. http://www.chilectra.cl/wps/wcm/connect/4bc2fc80450f37bf8c669fab9584e337/Memoria_Chilectra_2001.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&Tipo=DOC. Accessed 21 Apr 2011
Chilectra (2002). Yearbook of Chilectra, 2002. http://www.chilectra.cl/wps/wcm/connect/933c8f00450f37a58c509fab9584e337/MemoriaAnual2002publicado2002.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&Tipo=DOC. Accessed 21 Apr 2011
Chilectra (2003). Yearbook of Chilectra, 2003. http://www.chilectra.cl/wps/wcm/connect/f2dc6f80450f37908c3a9fab9584e337/Memoria_Chilectra_2003.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&Tipo=DOC. Accessed 21 Apr 2011.
Chilectra (2004). Yearbook of Chilectra, 2004. http://www.chilectra.cl/wps/wcm/connect/9752b780450f37798c249fab9584e337/MEMORIAANUAL2004PUBLICADA2005.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&Tipo=DOC. Accessed 21 Apr 2011
Chilectra (2005a). Sustainability reports of Chilectra 2005. http://www.enersis.cl/enersis_web/sostenibilidad/Informes_Sostenibilidad/Chilectra/Chilectra_Sostenibilidad05.pdf. Accessed 21 Apr 2011.
Chilectra (2005b). Yearbook of Chilectra, 2005. http://www.chilectra.cl/wps/wcm/connect/ffe26a00450f37628c0e9fab9584e337/MEMORIAANUAL2004PUBLICADA2005.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&Tipo=DOC. Accessed 21 Apr 2011.
Chilectra (2006a) Sustainability reports of Chilectra 2006. http://www.enersis.cl/enersis_web/sostenibilidad/Informes_Sostenibilidad/Chilectra/Chilectra_Sostenibilidad06.pdf. Accessed 21 Apr 2011.
Chilectra (2006b). Yearbook of Chilectra, 2006. http://www.chilectra.cl/wps/wcm/connect/26e07200450f374a8bf89fab9584e337/Memoria_Chilectra_2006.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&Tipo=DOC. Accessed 21 Apr 2011.
Chilectra (2007a) Sustainability reports of Chilectra 2007. http://www.enersis.cl/enersis_web/sostenibilidad/Informes_Sostenibilidad/Chilectra/Chilectra_Sostenibilidad07.pdf. Accessed 21 Apr 2011.
Chilectra (2007b). Yearbook of Chilectra, 2007. http://www.chilectra.cl/wps/wcm/connect/49649200450f372e8be29fab9584e337/Memoria_Chilectra_2007.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&Tipo=DOC. Accessed 21 Apr 2011.
Chilectra (2008a). Sustainability reports of Chilectra 2008. http://www.enersis.cl/enersis_web/sostenibilidad/Informes_Sostenibilidad/Chilectra/Chilectra_2008.pdf. Accessed 21 Apr 2011.
Chilectra (2008b). Yearbook of Chilectra, 2008. http://www.chilectra.cl/wps/wcm/connect/ed3f4500450f37108bcc9fab9584e337/Memoria_Anual_2008.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&Tipo=DOC. Accessed 21 Apr 2011.
CNE – National Energy Commission. (2006). Las Energías Renovables no Convencionales en el Marco de la Diversificación Energética. Santiago de Chile: Comisión Nacional de Energía.
CNE – National Energy Commission (2007a). National balance of energy of 2007. Sectorial Consume. Table 21-C. http://www.cne.cl/cnewww/opencms/06_Estadisticas/Balances_Energ.html. Accessed 13 June 2010.
CNE – National Energy Commission (2007b). National balance of energy of 2007. Sectorial consume. Table 22-B. http://www.cne.cl/cnewww/opencms/06_Estadisticas/Balances_Energ.html. Accessed 13 June 2010.
CNE – National Energy Commission (2007c). National balance of energy of 2007. Table BALANCE_ELECT. http://www.cne.cl/cnewww/opencms/06_Estadisticas/Balances_Energ.html. Accessed 13 June 2010.
CNE – National Energy Commission (2007d). History of sales distribution concessionaire. period 1997–2005, Systems: SING, SIC, Aysen and Magallanes. Personal communication.
CNE – National Energy Commission (2008a). National balance of energy of 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005 and 2007. Primary energy balance. http://www.cne.cl/cnewww/opencms/06_Estadisticas/Balances_Energ.html. Accessed 13 June 2010.
CNE – National Energy Commission (2008b). National balance of energy of 2008, http://www.cne.cl/cnewww/opencms/06_Estadisticas/Balances_Energ.html. Accessed 13 June 2010.
CNE – National Energy Commission (2008c). National balance of energy of 2007. National Gross generation by system. http://www.cne.cl/cnewww/opencms/06_Estadisticas/Balances_Energ.html. Accessed 13 June 2010.
CNE – National Energy Commission (2008d). Energy sector statistical yearbook Chile. National coverage of rural electrification. http://anuario.cne.cl/anuario/electricidad/php_electricidad-5.01.php. Accessed 16 June 2010.
CNE – National Energy Commission (2008e). National balance of energy of 2008 Santiago de Chile 2008, Table 21. http://www.cne.cl/cnewww/opencms/06_Estadisticas/Balances_Energ.html. Accessed 13 June 2010.
CNE – National Energy Commission (2008f). Wind energy in Chile and the Renewable Energy Law 20.257. Berlin. Comisión Nacional de Energía.
CNE – National Energy Commission. (2008g). Transformando la crisis energética en una oportunidad. Santiago de Chile: Comisión Nacional de Energía (CNE).
CNE – National Energy Commission (2009a). Gráfico Restricciones de Gas desde Argentina.
CNE – National Energy Commission. (2009b). Renewable energy portfolio and wind energy in Chile from GTZ. Berlin: Comisión Nacional de Energía.
CNE – National Energy Commission (2010a). Energy sector statistical yearbook Chile. Series of secondary energy balance. National Energy Commission. http://anuario.cne.cl/anuario/balance/php_balance-2.3.php. Accessed 13 June 2010.
CNE – National Energy Commission (2010b). Medium systems menu, Aysen y Magallanes. http://www.cne.cl/cnewww/opencms/07_Tarificacion/01_Electricidad/otros_sistemas_medianos/Sistemas_Medianos/sistemas_medianos_aysen_magallanes.html. Accessed 14 June 2010.
CNE – National Energy Commission (2010c). Rural electrification program (1995–1999). http://www.cne.cl/cnewww/opencms/06_Estadisticas/Programas/index.html. Accessed 17 June 2010.
CNE – National Energy Commission, CONAMA – National Comission of Environment, & GTZ – Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH. (2006). Guía del Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio para Proyectos del Sector Energía en Chile. Santiago de Chile: Comisión Nacional de Energía, Comisión Nacional del Medio Ambiente.
CNE – National Energy Commission, & GTZ – Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH (2009). Las Energías renovables non convencionales en el mercado eléctrico chileno. Santiago de Chile.
Company of Liquid Natural Gas (2010). Homepage, natural gas supply. http://www.gnlquintero.cl/GNL/Abastecimiento.htm. Accessed 14 June 2010.
Empresas Copec (2006). Yearbook of Copec 2006. http://www.empresascopec.cl/copec.asp?idq=3&con=22. Accessed 21 Apr 2011.
Fuentes, R., Paredes, R., & Vatter, J. (1994). Deregulation and competition in the gasoline market. Journal Public Surveys Estudios Públicos, (56)25. http://www.cepchile.cl/dms/archivo_1391_173/rev56_fuentes.pdf. Accessed June 2010
Greenpeace International, & EREC. (2009). Energy [R]evolution – A sustainable Chile energy outlook. Amsterdam: Greenpeace International/European Renewable Energy Council (EREC)/Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)/Ecofys.
Hacking, S. (2005). European network indicators of social quality – ENIQ – Social quality. The British National Report. Sheffield: University of Sheffield. Department of Sociological Studies.
INE – National Statistics Institute of Chile (2010). Intensidad energética. http://centralenergia.cl/actores/distribution-chile/. Accessed 17 June 2010.
IEA – International Energy Agency. (2007). World energy outlook 2007. Paris: IEA.
IEA – International Energy Agency (2009a). Energy balance of non-OECD countries (2009 ed.). IEA Energy Statistics (Beyond 20/20). Paris.
IEA – International Energy Agency. (2009b). Chile energy policy review 2009. Paris: IEA.
Krewitt, W., Simon, S., Graus, W., Teske, S., Zervos, A., & Schaefer, O. (2007). The 2 degrees C scenario – A sustainable world energy perspective. Energy Policy, 35(10), 4969–4980.
Krewitt, W., Nienhaus, K., Kleßmann, C., Capone, C., Stricker, E., Graus, W., et al. (2009). Role and potential of renewable energy and energy efficiency for global energy supply. Stuttgart/Berlin/Üttrecht/Wuppertal: German Aerospace Center e.V., Ecofys Germany GmbH, Ecofys Netherlands BV, Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy GmbH, German Federal Environment Agency.
Langdon, D. (2008). Energy profile of Chile. Encyclopedia of earth. In C. J. Cleveland (Ed.), (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). 4 March, 2007, last revised 4 Sept 2008. http://www.eoearth.org/article/Energy_profile_of_Chile. Accessed 16 June 2010.
Larraín, S., Karím P., & Aedo, M. P. (2003). Chile Sustentable – Propuesta Ciudadana para el Cambio. Santiago de Chile. http://www.chilesustentable.net/nweb_portal/site/propuesta/introCS.pdf. Accessed 10 March 2009.
OECD – Organisation for Economic Development and Co-Operation, Environmental Directorate. (2007). OECD key environmental indicators 2007. Paris: OECD Environment Directorate.
Republic of Chile (2002). National Economic Fiscal. Legal department research. Resolution of order N° 211 of November 5 2002. http://mailweb.fne.gob.cl/db/jurispru.nsf/&/Combustibles_liquidos.pdf. Accessed June 2010
Sepúlveda, M., & Miranda, M. (2001). Oil company of Chile S.A., industrial sector, risk analysis. Journal Fitchrating. http://www.fitchratings.cl/pdf/Inf-emp.pdf. Accessed June 2010
Seven2one (2006). MESAP. http://www.seven2one.de/mesap.phpS. Accessed 8 July 2009.
Shookner, M. (2002). An inclusion lens workbook for looking at social and economic exclusion and inclusion. Halifax: Atlantic Regional Office, Population and Public Health Branch.
Southeast False Creek Steering Committee. (2005). Sustainability indicators, goals, targets for south east false creek adopted by the Vancouver City Council. Vancouver: Southeast False Creek Steering Committee.
Spichiger, J. B., & Verdugo, E. M. (2008). Potencial de generación de energía por residuos del manejo forestal en Chile. Santiago de Chile: CNE – National Energy Commission, & GTZ – Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH.
UCH, & UTF. (2008). Estimación del aporte potencial de las Energías Renovables No Convencionales y del Uso Eficiente de la Energía Eléctrica al Sistema Interconectado Central (SIC) en el período 2008–2025. Santiago de Chile: Universidad de Chile, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María.
UN – United Nations (2007b). Commission on Sustainable Development. CSD indicators of sustainable development – 3rd ed.
UN – United Nations (2007a). Secretary-General. Millennium development goals. New York. http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/index.html. Accessed 26 Sept 2007.
Van der Maesen, L., & Walker, A. (2006). Indicators of social quality: Outcomes of the European scientific network. European Journal of Social Quality, 5(1–2), 8–24.
Vargas, L. (2008). Field of aplication energy system. Presentation at the first status conference of the Risk Habitat Megacity Project. Santiago de Chile.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Simon, S., Stelzer, V., Vargas, L., Paredes, G., Quintero, A., Kopfmüller, J. (2012). Energy Systems. In: Heinrichs, D., Krellenberg, K., Hansjürgens, B., Martínez, F. (eds) Risk Habitat Megacity. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11544-8_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11544-8_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-11543-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-11544-8
eBook Packages: Business and EconomicsEconomics and Finance (R0)