Metal Decontamination: Techniques Used So Far

Abstract

The constantly increasing degree of industrialization and rising standards of living are strongly impacting on the use of available water sources. Controlling heavy metal discharges and removing toxic heavy metals from aqueous solutions have become a challenge for the twenty-first century. The commonly used procedures for removing metal ions from aqueous streams include distillation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, precipitation, coagulation, flocculation, and nanofiltration. The basic principle, procedural details, and commercially available instrumentation based on the above phenomenon are described in brief below.