Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Complexity at the Fundamental Level

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
The Attractor Mechanism

Part of the book series: Springer Proceedings in Physics ((SPPHY,volume 134))

  • 465 Accesses

Abstract

Purpose of this lecture is to show that Complexity in the real world exists, no matter the Mass–Energy and Space–Time scales considered, including the fundamental one. To prove this it is necessary: To identify the experimentally observable effects which call for the existence of Complexity; To analyse how we have discovered the most advanced frontier of Science: the SM&B (Standard Model and Beyond); To construct the platonic version of this frontier: i.e., what would be the ideal platonic Simplicity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Interaction of Elementary Particles, H. Yukawa, Part I, Proc. Physico-Math. Soc. Jpn. 17, 48 (1935); Models and Methods in the Meson Theory; H. Yukawa, Rev. Modern Phys. 21, 474 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  2. The QGCW Project, A. Zichichi et al., CERN-LAA Preprint, October 2006; see also; Logical Reasoning in Experimental Physics: Past and Future A. Zichichi, in Gerardus t Hooft Liber Amicorum to celebrate his 60th anniversary (2006).

    Google Scholar 

  3. From the Yukawa Particle to the QGCW, A. Zichichi, in Proceedings of the “Symposium for the Centennial Celebration of Hideki Yukawa,” International Nuclear Physics Conference, Tokyo, Japan, June 3–8 (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  4. A Study of the Various Approaches toM GUT and αGUT, F. Anselmo, L. Cifarelli, A. Zichichi, Nuovo Cimento 105A, 1335 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Complexity exists at the Fundamental Level, Proceedings of the 2004-Erice Subnuclear Physics School to be published by World Scientific (2006).

    Google Scholar 

  6. The Landscape and its Physics Foundations, How String Theory Generates the Landscape; L. Susskind, in Proceedings of the 2006-Erice Subnuclear Physics School to be published by World Scientific (2008).

    Google Scholar 

  7. Complexity and Landscape in String Theory, M.R. Douglas and F. Denef, in Proceedings of the 2006-Erice Subnuclear Physics School to be published by World Scientific.; The References [8–11] refer to the various occasions where I have presented papers on highly specialized topics and discussed the connection of these topics with Complexity. The title on the upper part refers to the connection with Complexity while the specialized topic is reported in the detailed references.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Complexity at the Fundamental Level, A. Zichichi presented at:; International Conference on “Quantum [un]speakables” in Commemoration of John S. Bell, International Erwin Schrodinger Institut (ESI), Universitdt Wien (Austria), November 2000, “John Bell and the Ten Challenges of Subnuclear Physics.”; 40th Course of the International School of Subnuclear Physics, Erice (Italy), September 2002, “Language Logic and Science.”; 31st, 32nd and 33th Course of the International School of Solid State Physics, Erice (Italy), July 2004, “Complexity at the Elementary Level.”; 42nd International School of Subnuclear Physics, Erice (Italy), August–September 2004, “Complexity at the Elementary Level.”; Trinity College, Dublin (Ireland), February 2005, “Complexity at the Elementary Level.”; Department of Physics, University of Padova (Italy), March 2005, “Complexity at the Elementary Level.”; 43th Course of the International School of Subnuclear Physics, Erice (Italy), September 2005, “Complexity at the Elementary Level.”; Italian Physics Society (SIF) XCI Annual National Congress, University of Catania (Italy), September 2005, “Complexity at the Elementary Level.”; Desy, Hamburg, November 2005, “Complexity at the Fundamental Level.”; 44th Course of the International School of Subnuclear Physics, Erice (Italy), September 2006, “Complexity at the Fundamental Level.”

    Google Scholar 

  9. The Logic of Nature and Complexity; A. Zichichi; presented at:; Pontificia Academia Scientiarum, The Vatican, Rome (Italy), November 2002, “Scientific Culture and the Ten Statements of John Paul II”; “Elements of Rigour in the Theory of Evolution.”; The joint Session of:; 6th Course of the International School of Biological Magnetic Resonance; Erice (Italy), July 2003, “Language Logic and Science.”; 2nd Workshop on Science and Religion of the Advanced School of History of Physics; Erice (Italy), July 2003, “Language Logic and Science.”; 10th Workshop of the International School of Liquid Crystals; Erice (Italy), July 2003, “Language Logic and Science.”; International School on Complexity, 1st Workshop on Minimal Life, Erice (Italy), December 2004, “Evolution and Complexity at the Elementary Level.”

    Google Scholar 

  10. Complexity and New Physics, A. Zichichi; presented at:; INFN-Alice Meeting, University of Catania (Italy), January 2005,“Complexity at the Elementary Level.”; INFN Eloisatron Project “The 1st Physics ALICE Week,” Erice (Italy), December 2005, “Complexity and New Physics with ALICE.”; 50th Anniversary of INFN Bologna – ALICE Week, Bologna (Italy), June 2006, “Complexity at the Fundamental Level.”

    Google Scholar 

  11. Complexity and Planetary Emergencies, A. Zichichi; presented at:; 27th Sessions of the International Seminars on Planetary Emergencies, Erice (Italy), August 2002, “Language, Logic and Science.”; 28th Sessions of the International Seminars on Planetary Emergencies, Erice (Italy), August 2003, “Language Logic and Science, Evolution and Planetary Emergencies.”; 36th Sessions of the International Seminars on Planetary Emergencies, Erice (Italy), August 2006, “Complexity and Planetary Emergencies.”

    Google Scholar 

  12. Virtual History: Alternatives and Counterfactuals, Niall Ferguson ed., Basic Books, New York (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  13. The Logic of Nature, Complexity and New Physics: From Quark-Gluon Plasma to Superstrings, Quantum Gravity and Beyond, Proceedings of the 2006-Erice Subnuclear Physics School to be published by World Scientific.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Language, Logic and Science, A. Zichichi, proceedings of the 26th Session of the International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies, Erice 18–26 August 2002 (World Scientific, 2003).

    Google Scholar 

  15. A. Zichichi in “Subnuclear Physics - The first fifty years,” O. Barnabei, P. Pupillo, F. Roversi Monaco (eds.), a joint publication by University and Academy of Sciences of Bologna, Italy (1998); World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics, vol. 24 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Heavy Leptons, T.D. Lee, in “The Origin of the Third Family,” O. Barnabei, L. Maiani, R.A. Ricci, F. Roversi Monaco (eds.), World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics, vol. 20, p. 14 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  17. P.A.M. Dirac, The Quantum Theory of the Electron. Proc. Roy. Soc. (Lond.) A117, 610 (1928); The Quantum Theory of the Electron, Part II. Proc. Roy. Soc. (Lond.) A118, 351 (1928).

    Google Scholar 

  18. The Positive Electron, C.D. Anderson, Phys. Rev. 43, 491 (1933); Some Photographs of the Tracks of Penetrating Radiation; P.M.S. Blackett, G.P.S. Occhialini, Proc. Roy. Soc. A139, 699 (1933).

    Google Scholar 

  19. H. Weyl, Gruppentheorie und Quantenmechanik, 2nd edn., (1931) pp. 234.

    Google Scholar 

  20. E.P. Wigner, Unitary Representations of the Inhomogeneous Lorentz Group. Ann. Math. 40, 149 (1939).

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  21. G.C. Wick, E.P. Wigner, A.S. Wightman, Intrinsic parity of elementary particles. Phys. Rev. 88, 101 (1952).

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. E.P. Wigner, Uber die Operation der Zeitumkehr in der Quanten-mechanik. Gott. Nach. 546–559 (1931). Here for the first time an anti-unitary symmetry appears.

    Google Scholar 

  23. E.P. Wigner, Ann. Math. 40, 149 (1939).

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  24. J. Schwinger, Phys. Rev. 82, 914 (1951).

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. J.S. Bell, Time reversal in field theory. Proc. Roy. Soc. (Lond.) A231, 479–495 (1955).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. To the best of my knowledge, the CPT theorem was first proved by W. Pauli in his article “Exclusion Principle, Lorentz Group and Reflection of Space–Time and Charge,” in “Niels Bohr and the Development of Physics” [Pergamon Press, London, page 30 (1955)], which in turn is an extension of the work of J. Schwinger, Phys. Rev. 82, 914 (1951); The theory of quantized fields. II. Phys. Rev. 91, 713 (1953); The Theory of quantized fields. III. Phys. Rev. 91, 728 (1953); The theory of quantized fields. VI. Phys. Rev. 94, 1362 (1954)] and G. Luders, On the equivalence of invariance under time reversal and under particle-anti-particle conjugation for relativistic field theories. [Dansk. Mat. Fys. Medd. 28, 5 (1954)], which referred to an unpublished remark by B. Zumino. The final contribution to the CPT theorem was given by R. Jost, in Eine Bemerkung zum CPT Theorem. [Helv. Phys. Acta 30, 409 (1957)], who showed that a weaker condition, called “weak local commutativity” was sufficient for the validity of the CPT theorem.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Observation of Antiprotons, O. Chamberlain, E. Segrè, C. Wiegand, T. Ypsilantis, Phys. Rev. 100, 947 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  28. Anti-Neutrons Produced from Anti-Protons in Charge Exchange Collisions, B. Cork, G.R. Lambertson, O. Piccioni, W.A. Wenzel, Phys. Rev. 104, 1193 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  29. Observation of Long-Lived Neutral V Particles, K. Lande, E.T. Booth, J. Impeduglia, L.M. Lederman, W. Chinowski, Phys. Rev. 103, 1901 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  30. Remarks on Possible Noninvariance under Time Reversal and Charge Conjugation, T.D. Lee, R. Oehme, C.N. Yang, Phys. Rev. 106, 340 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  31. Question of Parity Conservation in Weak Interactions, T.D. Lee, C.N. Yang, Phys. Rev. 104, 254 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  32. Evidence for the 2π Decay of the K2 0 Meson, J. Christenson, J.W. Cronin, V.L. Fitch, R. Turlay, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 138 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  33. Experimental Observation of Antideuteron Production, T. Massam, Th. Muller, B. Righini, M. Schneegans, A. Zichichi, Nuovo Cimento 39, 10 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  34. The Discovery of Nuclear Antimatter, L. Maiani, R.A. Ricci (eds.), Conference Proceedings 53, Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy (1995); see also A. Zichichi in “Subnuclear Physics - The first fifty years,” O. Barnabei, P. Pupillo, F. Roversi Monaco (eds.), a joint publication by University and Academy of Sciences of Bologna, Italy (1998); World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics, vol. 24 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  35. The first report on “scaling” was presented by J.I. Friedman at the 14th International Conference on High Energy Physics in Vienna, 28 August-5 September 1968. The report was presented as paper n. 563 but not published in the Conference Proceedings. It was published as a SLAC preprint. The SLAC data on scaling were included in the Panofsky general report to the Conference where he says “… the apparent success of the parametrization of the cross-sections in the variable νq 2 in addition to the large cross-section itself is at least indicative that point-like interactions are becoming involved”. “Low q 2 Electrodynamics, Elastic and Inelastic Electron (and Muon) Scattering”’, W.K.H. Panofsky in Proceedings of 14th International Conference on High Energy Physics in Vienna 1968, J. Prentki, J. Steinberger (eds.), page 23, published by CERN (1968). The following physicists participated in the inelastic electron scattering experiments: W.B. Atwood, E. Bloom, A. Bodek, M. Breidenbach, G. Buschhorn, R. Cottrell, D. Coward, H. DeStaebler, R. Ditzler, J. Drees, J. Elias, G. Hartmann, C. Jordan, M. Mestayer, G. Miller, L. Mo, H. Piel, J. Poucher, C. Prescott, M. Riordan, L. Rochester, D. Sherden, M. Sogard, S. Stein, D. Trines, R. Verdier. For additional acknowledgements see J.I. Friedman, H.W. Kendall, R.E. Taylor, “Deep Inelastic Scattering: Acknowledgements,” Les Prix Nobel 1990, (Almqvist and Wiksell, Stockholm/Uppsala 1991), also Rev. Mod. Phys. 63, 629 (1991). For a detailed reconstruction of the events see J.I. Friedman “Deep Inelastic Scattering Evidence for the Reality of Quarks” in “History of Origina Ideas and Basic Discoveries in Particle Physics,” H.B. Newman and T. Ypsilantis (eds.), (Plenum Press, New York and London), p. 725 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  36. Quark Search at the ISR, T. Massam, A. Zichichi, CERN preprint, June 1968; Search for Fractionally Charged Particles Produced in Proton-Proton Collisions at the Highest ISR Energy; M. Basile, G. Cara Romeo, L. Cifarelli, P. Giusti, T. Massam, F. Palmonari, G. Valenti, A. Zichichi, Nuovo Cimento 40A, 41 (1977); and A Search for quarks in the CERN SPS Neutrino Beam; M. Basile, G. Cara Romeo, L. Cifarelli, A. Contin, G. D’Alì, P. Giusti, T. Massam, F. Palmonari, G. Sartorelli, G. Valenti, A. Zichichi, Nuovo Cimento 45A, 281 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  37. New Developments in Elementary Particle Physics, A. Zichichi, Rivista del Nuovo Cimento 2(14), 1 (1979). The statement on page 2 of this paper, “unification of all forces needs first a Supersymmetry. This can be broken later, thus generating the sequence of the various forces of nature as we observe them”, was based on a work by A. Petermann, A. Zichichi in which the renormalization group running of the couplings using supersymmetry was studied with the result that the convergence of the three couplings improved. This work was not published, but perhaps known to a few. The statement quoted is the first instance in which it was pointed out that supersymmetry might play an important role in the convergence of the gauge couplings. In fact, the convergence of three straight lines (α1 − 1α2 − 1α3 − 1) with a change in slope is guaranteed by the Euclidean geometry, as long as the point where the slope changes is tuned appropriately. What is incorrect about the convergence of the couplings is that, with the initial conditions given by the LEP results, the change in slope needs to be at MSUSY ∼ 1 TeV as claimed by some authors not aware in 1991 of what was known in 1979 to A. Petermann and A. Zichichi.

    Google Scholar 

  38. V.N. Gribov, G. ’t Hooft, G. Veneziano, V.F. Weisskopf in TheCreation of Quantum Chromo Dynamics and the Effective Energy, ed. by L.N. Lipatov, a joint publication by the University and the Academy of Sciences of Bologna, Italy (1998); World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics, vol. 25 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  39. The Effective Experimental Constraints onM SUSY andM GUT , F. Anselmo, L. Cifarelli, A. Petermann, A. Zichichi, Nuovo Cimento 104A, 1817 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  40. The Simultaneous Evolution of Masses and Couplings: Consequences on Supersymmetry Spectra and Thresholds, F. Anselmo, L. Cifarelli, A. Petermann, A. Zichichi, Nuovo Cimento 105A, 1179 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  41. Are Matter and Antimatter Symmetric?, T.D. Lee, in Proceedings of the “Symposium to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the Discovery of Nuclear Antimatter,” L. Maiani, R.A. Ricci (eds.), Conference Proceedings 53, p. 1, (Italian Physical Society, Bologna, Italy, 1995).

    Google Scholar 

  42. String Theory: the Basic Ideas, B. Greene, Erice Lectures – Discussion 1999 in “Basics and Highlights in Fundamental Physics,” A. Zichichi (ed.), World Scientific (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  43. The Analytic S-Matrix, G.F. Chew, W.A. Benjamin Inc., (New York, Amsterdam, 1966).

    Google Scholar 

  44. Search for the Time-Like Structure of the Proton, M. Conversi, T. Massam, Th Muller, A. Zichichi, Phys. Lett. 5, 195 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  45. The Leptonic Annihilation Modes of the Proton-Antiproton System at 6.8 (GeV/c)2, M. Conversi, T. Massam, Th Muller, A. Zichichi, Nuovo Cimento 40, 690 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  46. Meson Resonances and Related Electromagnetic Phenomena, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference organized by the High Energy and Particle Physics Division of the EPS at Bologna 14–16 April 1971, R.H. Dalitz and A. Zichichi (eds.), International Physics Series, (Editrice Compositori Publishers, Bologna, Italy, 1971).

    Google Scholar 

  47. U. Amaldi, W. de Boer, H. Furstenau, Phys. Lett. B260, 447 (1991).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  48. The Evolution of Gaugino Masses and the SUSY Threshold, F. Anselmo, L. Cifarelli, A. Peterman, A. Zichichi, Nuovo Cimento 105A, 581 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

    Antonino Zichichi

  2. Enrico Fermi Centre, Rome, Italy

    Antonino Zichichi

  3. INFN and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

    Antonino Zichichi

Authors
  1. Antonino Zichichi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Antonino Zichichi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, via E. Fermi 40, Frascati, 00044, Italy

    Stefano Bellucci

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Zichichi, A. (2010). Complexity at the Fundamental Level. In: Bellucci, S. (eds) The Attractor Mechanism. Springer Proceedings in Physics, vol 134. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10736-8_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10736-8_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-10735-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-10736-8

  • eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation